TABLE 3.
Bidirectional association between food insecurity and health expenditures by expenditure type
| Association between 2016 food insecurity and 2017 health care expenditures a | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Expenditure type | Food security status | Adjusted b odds ratio of nonzero expenditures (95% CI) | Adjusted b ratio of expenditures from GLM (95% CI) |
| Emergency Department | Food insecure | 1.676 (1.397, 2.01) | 0.966 (0.777, 1.201) |
| Food secure | Referent | Referent | |
| Outpatient | Food insecure | 1.288 (1.032, 1.608) | 1.099 (0.795, 1.52) |
| Food secure | Referent | Referent | |
| Inpatient | Food insecure | 1.445 (1.12, 1.865) | 0.973 (0.757, 1.251) |
| Food secure | Referent | Referent | |
| Prescription | Food insecure | 1.528 (1.27, 1.839) | 1.479 (1.199, 1.824) |
| Food secure | Referent | Referent | |
| Out‐of‐pocket | Food insecure | 1.323 (1.101, 1.59) | 0.947 (0.796, 1.128) |
| Food secure | Referent | Referent | |
| Association between Type of 2016 Healthcare Expenditures ($1000s) and 2017 Food Insecurity Status | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emergency Department | Outpatient | Inpatient | Prescription | Out‐of‐Pocket |
| Adjusted c Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted c Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted c Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted c Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted c Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
| 1.01 (0.96, 1.07) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) | 1.001 (0.995, 1.008) | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03) | 1.03 (0.99, 1.06) |
a
Health care expenditures reported in 2017 USD
b
Adjusted for age, sex, income level, health insurance status, education level, race, and total health care expenditures in 2016.
c
Adjusted for age, sex, income level, health insurance status, education level, race, and food insecurity status in 2016