Fig. 1.

Short-term NorUDCA treatment demonstrates immunomodulatory efficacy on CD8⁺ T cells in cholestatic Mdr2^-/- model of spontaneous sclerosing cholangiopathy.

(A) Serum BA, ALT, AST, ALP. (B) Representative Sirius red staining of liver sections and corresponding quantitative analysis are shown. (C,D) Quantitative analysis of hepatic innate and adaptive immune cell distribution of indicated groups. (E) Impact of BA treatment on hepatic effector differentiation of CD8⁺ T cells in Mdr2^-/- mice. Data are representative of 2 independent experiments. 4 biologically independent animals were used per group during experiments. Quantitative data are presented as mean±SE. p values were calculated by one-way ANOVA corrected for multiple comparisons with Dunnett test using Mdr2^-/- mice as reference. ∗p <0.05, ∗∗p <0.01, ∗∗∗p <0.001, ∗∗∗p <0.001, ∗∗∗∗p <0.0001. ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BA, bile acid; DC, dendritic cells; GzmB, GranzymeB; NorUDCA, 24-norursodeoxycholic acid; T_EM, T_{Effector Memory}.