Fig. 5.

NorUDCA demonstrates immunometabolic actions in modulating murine CD8⁺ T cell in vitro.

(A) Quantitative RT-qPCR analysis of expression of indicated genes (normalized to Hprt and untreated groups) in primary murine CD8⁺ T cells activated for 24 h ± compound treatments as indicated. (B) Representative histograms depicting GLUT1 extracellular expression of cells cultured as in (A) and treated as indicated. (C) Quantitative analysis is shown alongside. (D) Quantification of intra- and extracellular output of lactate from cells cultured as in (A). (E) Real-time changes in the ECAR (left) and OCR (right) of activated CD8⁺ T cells after treatment with Oligo, FCCP, and Rot ± NorUDCA. Data are either representative or show the summary of 3 independent experiments. Summary data are presented as mean ± SE. p values were calculated by one-way ANOVA corrected with Tukey post-hoc test. ∗p <0.05, ∗∗p <0.01. ECAR, extracellular acidification rate; FCCP, carbonyl cyanide-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone; NorUDCA, 24-norursodeoxycholic acid; OCR, oxygen consumption rate; Oligo, oligomycin; Rapa, rapamycin; Rot, rotenone; RT-qPCR, reverse transcription quantitative PCR.