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. 2021 Oct 18;29(6):1874–1894. doi: 10.1007/s43032-021-00749-2

Fig. 9.

Fig. 9

Patients delivered by midforceps have lower pH and base excess compared with normal spontaneous vaginal deliveries. However, the differences were already there at least 1 h before delivery. The data suggest fetal compromise caused the forceps, not the other way around