TABLE 1.
The different categories of biomaterials used in vascular tissue engineering.
| Biomaterial | Cell type | Biofabrication process | In vivo system | Culture time | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Synthetic scaffold–ex vivo applications | ePTFE + fibrin coating | Human autologous ECs | Rotational seeding | Human | 7 years | Meinhart et al. (2001) |
| ePTFE + fibronectin coating | Autologous ECs seeded on SMCs | Rotational seeding | Rabbit | 100 days | Yu et al. (2001) | |
| Dacron® + cells + veinous blood | Bone marrow derived CD34 cells | Static seeding | Canine | 4 weeks | Bhattacharya et al. (2000) | |
| Synthetic scaffold–in vivo applications | ePTFE + fibrin coating + FGF-1 | — | — | Canine | 140 days | Gray et al. (1994) |
| Dacron® | — | — | Canine | 2 weeks | Herring et al. (1979) | |
| ePTFE + VEGF | — | — | Rat | 30 days | Randone et al. (2005) | |
| polyurethane + FGF—2 + heparin + gelatin | — | — | Rat | 4 weeks | Doi and Matsuda (1997) | |
| Biodegradable scaffold | Lycra + PEG + PLA | — | — | Canine | 3 months | Izhar et al. (2001) |
| PLGA + collagen | — | — | Canine | 6 months | Iwai et al. (2004) | |
| PCL | — | — | Rat | 24 weeks | Pektok et al. (2008) | |
| PLLA | Bone marrow MSCs | Cell sheet rolling | Rat | 60 days | Hashi et al. (2007) | |
| PGA | Bovine SMCs | Static seeding | Bioreactor | 4 weeks | Niklason et al. (1999) | |
| PGA | Lamb fibroblasts + ECs | Static seeding | Lamb | 100 weeks | Hoerstrup et al. (2006) | |
| Biopolymers | Type I collagen | Bovine fibroblasts, SMCs and ECs | Fibroblasts and SMCs molding, ECs seeding | — | 4 weeks | Weinberg and Bell (1986) |
| ECM cell production | Human fibroblasts, SMCs, ECs | Cell sheet rolling | Canine | 1 week | L’Heureux et al. (1998) | |
| Fibrin | Rat SMC, ECs | Molding | — | 6 days | Cummings et al. (2004) | |
| Xenogeneic extracellular matrix | human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) and normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs) | Static seeding | Rat | 6 weeks | Choi et al. (2012) | |
| Elastin | Human SMCs | Static seeding | — | 14 days | Buijtenhuijs et al. (2004) | |
| Agarose-based gel | Human SMCs, ECs, NIH 3T3 fibroblasts | 3D Bioprinting | — | 10 days | Ozler et al. (2017) | |
| Alginate | Human SMCs, ECs | 3D Bioprinting | Rat | 3 weeks | Gao et al. (2019) | |
| Gelatin | SMCs | 3D bioprinting | — | 7 days | Tijore et al. (2018) | |
| Alginate/platelet-rich plasma (PRP) | HUVECs | 3D bioprinting | — | 3 days | Faramarzi et al. (2018) | |
| Alginate/gelatin | SMCs | 3D Bioprinting | — | 7 days | Duan et al. (2013) | |
| Gelatin/Fibrinogen | Human bone marrow MSC, Human fibroblasts, HUVECs | 3D bioprinting | — | 6 weeks | Kolesky et al. (2016) | |