Table 2.
Comparing healthcare workers with good pandemic sleep to those who developed poor pandemic sleep during the first wave of COVID-19
| Good pandemic sleep health (n = 76) | Poor pandemic sleep health (n = 52) |
p | Odds ratio for poor pandemic sleep health | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median age, in years | 42.5 (32–54.8) | 35 (31–49.8) | 0.124 | ||
| Female sex | 58/74 (78%) | 44/50 (88%) | 0.239 | ||
| Healthcare role | Physician | 21 (28%) | 29 (56%) | 0.107 comparing all roles | |
| Registered nurse | 22 (29%) | 10 (19%) | |||
| Respiratory therapist | 2 (3%) | 0 | |||
| Administration or registration | 12 (16%) | 3 (6%) | |||
| Physician’s assistant or advanced nurse practitioner | 6 (8%) | 4 (8%) | |||
| Radiology technician (n = 2), laboratory technician (n = 2), educator (n = 1), researcher (n = 1), environmental services worker (n = 1), social worker (n = 1), registered dietician (n = 2), information technologist (n = 1), other (n = 6) | 12 (16%) | 5 (10%) | |||
| Work primarily in intensive care unit or emergency room | 19/75 (25%) | 22 (42%) | 0.044 | OR 2.16 (95%CI 1.01–4.61, p = 0.046) | |
| Physicians as proportion of group total | 21 (28%) | 29 (56%) | 0.001 | OR 3.30 (95%CI 1.57–6.94, p = 0.002) | |
| Resident physicians as proportion of group total | 9 (12%) | 19 (37%) | 0.001 | OR 4.29 (95%CI 1.75–10.5, p = 0.001) | |
| Registered nurses as proportion of group total | 22 (29%) | 10 (19%) | 0.212 | ||
| Work primarily in outpatient setting | 20 (26%) | 8 (15%) | 0.142 | ||
| Reported daily COVID exposure | 18/72 (25%) | 15/50 (30%) | 0.541 | ||
| Tested COVID-positive | 10 (13%) | 3 (6%) | 0.144* | ||
| Relationship status | Single | 13/75 (17%) | 7 (14%) | 0.984 | |
| Married | 44/75 (59%) | 31 (60%) | |||
| Dating, unmarried | 13/75 (17%) | 10 (19%) | |||
| Divorced/separated | 2/75 (3%) | 2 (4%) | |||
| Race | White | 65/74 (88%) | 48/51 (94%) | 0.482 | |
| African American | 4/74 (5%) | 1/51 (2%) | |||
| Asian | 5/74 (7%) | 2/51 (4%) | |||
| How the pandemic has changed one’s job | No change | 13 (17%) | 14 (27%) | 0.181 | |
| Increased work | 17 (22%) | 11 (21%) | 0.870 | ||
| Decreased work | 14 (18%) | 17 (33%) | 0.064 | OR 2.15 (95%CI 0.95–4.88, p = 0.067) | |
| Changed primary work location | 18 (24%) | 8 (15%) | 0.252 | ||
| Changed job type | 13 (17%) | 4 (8%) | 0.099* | ||
| Now work primarily from home | 8 (11%) | 5 (10%) | 0.867* | ||
| Furloughed | 1 (1%) | 0 | 1.000* | ||
| Have at least 1 child for whom he/she is primary caregiver | 37/72 (51%) | 19 (37%) | 0.101 | ||
| Pandemic caused a change in child care | 18/37 (49%) | 12/19 (63%) | 0.303 | ||
| Providing child care affected the ability to do his/her job | 10/37 (27%) | 7/19 (37%) | 0.449 | ||
| Sleep health before the pandemic (out of a maximum score of 5) | 3.6 (± 0.7) | 3.9 (± 0.5) | 0.004 | ||
| Sleep health during the pandemic | 3.5 (± 0.5) | 2.0 (± 0.6) | < 0.001 | ||
| Insomnia before the pandemic | 3 (4%) | 4 (8%) | 0.360 | ||
| Anxiety before the pandemic | 20 (26%) | 16 (31%) | 0.582 | ||
| Depression before the pandemic | 19 (25%) | 12 (23%) | 0.803 | ||
| Screened positive for depression during the pandemic | 17/71 (24%) | 8/51 (16%) | 0.408 | ||
| Average PSS score | 18.5 (± 4.5) | 17.8 (± 5.2) | 0.414 | ||
| PSS Score > 13 (at least moderate stress) | 69 (91%) | 46 (89%) | 0.668 | ||
| Burnout symptoms weekly | 43/75 (57%) | 30/51 (59%) | 0.868 | ||
| Drinks alcohol “Often”, “Most days,” or “Every day” | 21/59 (36%) | 8/49 (16%) | 0.024 | OR 0.35 (95%CI 0.14–0.89, p = 0.028) | |
| Reports using tobacco with any frequency | 1/61 (2%) | 5/49 (10%) | 0.087 | ||
Data are shown as frequency (column proportion) unless otherwise specified, mean (± SD) or median (IQR1–IQR3). P-values were obtained using independent t-tests, one-sided *Fisher’s exact tests, or chi-square. Unadjusted odds ratios were obtained via logistic regression using those with good pandemic sleep health as the reference group. PSS perceived stress scale