Table 4.

Comparison of frontline providers (intensive care unit and emergency room) healthcare workers to other respondents during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic

	Non-frontline providers n = 126	Frontline providers n = 77	p	Unadjusted odds ratio
Role	Rn = 36, MD = 35, APP = 10, Support staff = 45	MD = 41, Rn = 19, APP = 9, Support staff = 8	0.016
Median age, in years	40 (31.0–53.5)	39 (31.3–53.0)	0.749
Female sex	94/117 (80%)	66 (86%)	0.336
Reported daily COVID exposure	24/119 (20%)	37/75 (49%)	< 0.001	OR 3.854 (95%CI 2.04–7.29)
Reported having COVID	11 (9%)	14 (18%)	0.047	OR 2.323 (95%CI 0.99–5.42)
Average score on the perceived stress scale (PSS)	18.8 (± 4.0)	17.9 (± 5.7)	0.232
Moderate level of stress (PSS > 13)	117 (93%)	68 (88%)	0.269
Sleep health before the pandemic (scale of 0 to 5)	3.3 (± 0.9)	3.2 (± 0.9)	0.572
Poor sleep before the pandemic	41/115 (36%)	28/71 (39%)	0.604
Sleep health during the pandemic	2.7 (± 0.9)	2.5 (± 0.8)	0.120
Poor sleep during the pandemic	59/115 (51%)	53/72 (74%)	0.002	OR 2.648 (95%CI 1.40–5.02)
Burnout at least weekly	55/122 (45%)	46/76 (61%)	0.034	OR 1.868 (95%CI 1.04–3.34)
Reported depression symptoms “Fairly” or “Very Often”	25/115 (22%)	17/72 (24%)	0.765
Reported depression symptoms are new during the pandemic	14/116 (12%)	4/73 (6%)	0.202*

Data are presented as mean (± standard deviation), median (IQR1–3), or frequency (column proportion, unless otherwise notated). P-values were obtained using t-tests or chi-square or *Fischer’s exact tests. Odds ratios were calculated with the non-frontline HCW as the reference group. RN registered nurse, MD physician, APP advance practice provider