Table 1. Demographic details of all participants.
Participant: ALD=individual with an acquired limb difference following amputation, CLD=individual with a congenital limb difference, CO=two-handed control; participants marked with an asterisk have valid data only for their intact-hand and were therefore excluded from most analyses. Y since amp=years since amputation. Gender: M=male, F=female. Amp side=side of limb loss or nondominant side: L=left, R=right. Amp level=level of limb loss: TR=trans-radial, TH=trans-humeral. Artificial arm type=preferred type of artificial arm: Cos=cosmetic, Mech=mechanical, Myo=myo-electric. Artificial arm wear time=typical number of hours artificial arm worn per week. PAL=functional ability with an artificial arm as determined by PAL questionnaire (0=minimum function, 1=maximum function). Usage score=Artificial arm usage score combining wear time and PAL. Age at first artificial arm use=Age at which individuals with a congenital limb difference were first introduced to an artificial arm. Years of limbless experience=Time after amputation at which amputees were first introduced to an artificial arm. Residual limb length=measured in cm.
| Participant | Age | Y since amp | Gender | Amp side | Amp level | Amp cause | Artificial arm type | Artificial arm wear time | PAL | Usage score | Age at first artificial arm use | Years of limbless experience | Residual limb length |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALD01 | 58 | 14 | M | L | TR | Trauma | Myo | 119 | 0.5 | 1.87 | 0.5 | 15 | |
| ALD02 | 46 | 16 | F | L | TR | Trauma | Myo | 56 | 0.59 | 0.49 | 0.5 | 14 | |
| ALD03* | 50 | 3 | F | L | TR | Trauma | Mech | 77 | 0.44 | 0.44 | 18 | ||
| ALD04* | 53 | 34 | M | L | TH | Trauma | Mech | 48 | 0.2 | –1.4 | 0.33 | ||
| ALD05 | 21 | 1 | M | R | TR | Trauma | None | 0 | 0.04 | –3.44 | 0.083 | 34 | |
| ALD06* | 42 | 18 | M | R | TR | Trauma | Cos | 35 | 0.07 | –2.33 | 16 | ||
| ALD07 | 61 | 21 | M | L | TR | Trauma | Cos | 105 | 0.67 | 2.21 | 0.125 | 29.5 | |
| ALD08 | 60 | 42 | M | R | TR | Trauma | Mech | 87.5 | 0.28 | 0.05 | 3.5 | 9 | |
| ALD09* | 65 | 37 | M | R | TH | Trauma | Mech | 98 | 0.46 | 1.11 | 0.25 | ||
| ALD10* | 47 | 21 | M | R | TH | Trauma | Cos | 84 | 0.3 | 0.03 | 1 | ||
| ALD11 | 68 | 12 | M | L | TR | Trauma | Mech | 35 | 0.54 | –0.31 | 0.33 | 21.5 | |
| ALD12 | 49 | 5 | M | R | TR | Vascular disease | Cos | 42 | 0.59 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 20 | |
| ALD13 | 57 | 29 | M | L | TR | Trauma | Mech | 65 | 0.11 | –1.31 | 1 | 18 | |
| ALD14 | 53 | 33 | M | L | TR | Trauma | Myo | 98 | 0.43 | 0.98 | 0.67 | 12 | |
| ALD15* | 28 | 10 | F | R | TR | Trauma | Mech | 2 | 0 | –3.55 | 5 | 7.5 | |
| ALD16 | 29 | 11 | M | L | TR | Trauma | None | 0 | 0 | –3.61 | 2 | 28.5 | |
| ALD17 | 43 | 20 | M | R | TR | Trauma | Myo | 98 | 0.61 | 1.75 | 0.083 | 8 | |
| ALD18 | 55 | 12 | M | L | TR | Trauma | Myo | 98 | 0.65 | 1.92 | 0.5 | 33 | |
| ALD19 | 61 | 17 | M | L | TR | Trauma | Mech | 91 | 0.74 | 2.11 | 1 | 18 | |
| ALD21 | 30 | 3 | M | L | TR | Trauma | Myo | 49 | 0.59 | 0.29 | 0.54 | 20.5 | |
| CLD01 | 51 | F | L | TR | Congenital | Cos | 7 | 0.26 | –2.3 | 0.5 | 10 | ||
| CLD02 | 47 | M | L | TR | Congenital | Mech | 84 | 0.7 | 1.75 | 1 | 13 | ||
| CLD03 | 45 | F | L | TR | Congenital | Myo | 63 | 0.46 | 0.13 | 4.5 | 8 | ||
| CLD04* | 26 | M | L | TR | Congenital | Mech | 6 | 0.13 | –2.88 | 0.25 | 15 | ||
| CLD05* | 55 | F | L | TR | Congenital | Cos | 112 | 0.3 | 0.82 | 0.25 | 6 | ||
| CLD06 | 63 | M | L | TR | Congenital | Cos | 87.5 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 2 | 10 | ||
| CLD07 | 35 | M | L | TR | Congenital | Cos | 56 | 0.28 | –0.84 | 3 | 11 | ||
| CLD09 | 49 | M | L | TR | Congenital | Myo | 91 | 0.57 | 1.39 | 2 | 21 | ||
| CLD10 | 42 | M | L | TR | Congenital | Cos | 56 | 0.54 | 0.28 | 2 | 10.5 | ||
| CLD11 | 66 | F | R | TR | Congenital | Cos | 42 | 0.35 | –0.93 | 5 | 9 | ||
| CLD12 | 56 | F | R | TR | Congenital | Cos | 98 | 0.43 | 0.98 | 3 | 11.5 | ||
| CLD13* | 53 | M | L | TH | Congenital | Mech | 63 | 0.33 | –0.43 | 2 | |||
| CLD14 | 42 | M | L | TR | Congenital | Mech | 2 | 0.09 | –3.17 | 4 | 12 | ||
| CLD15 | 55 | F | L | TR | Congenital | Myo | 105 | 0.65 | 2.12 | 3 | 11.5 | ||
| CLD17 | 29 | M | L | TR | Congenital | Myo | 70 | 0.46 | 0.33 | 1 | 12 | ||
| CLD18 | 53 | F | L | TR | Congenital | Cos | 48 | 0.65 | 0.52 | 1.5 | 7 | ||
| CLD20 | 52 | F | R | TR | Congenital | Myo | 32.5 | 0.26 | –1.58 | 0.3 | 11.5 | ||
| CLD21 | 32 | F | R | TR | Congenital | Myo | 40 | 0.41 | –0.73 | 0.5 | 9 | ||
| CLD22 | 57 | M | R | TR | Congenital | Mech | 126 | 0.69 | 2.88 | 2 | 15.5 | ||
| CLD23 | 47 | F | L | TR | Congenital | Myo | 84 | 0.89 | 2.56 | 11 | 8.5 | ||
| CLD25 | 41 | M | L | TR | Congenital | Myo | 112 | 0.85 | 3.17 | 0.25 | 8 | ||
| CO01 | 28 | F | L | ||||||||||
| CO03 | 40 | F | L | ||||||||||
| CO04 | 59 | M | L | ||||||||||
| CO05 | 27 | F | R | ||||||||||
| CO06 | 61 | F | L | ||||||||||
| CO07 | 35 | M | L | ||||||||||
| CO08 | 34 | F | L | ||||||||||
| CO09 | 24 | M | L | ||||||||||
| CO10* | 70 | M | L | ||||||||||
| CO11 | 24 | M | L | ||||||||||
| CO12 | 18 | F | L | ||||||||||
| CO13 | 67 | M | L | ||||||||||
| CO14 | 50 | M | R | ||||||||||
| CO15 | 51 | F | L | ||||||||||
| CO16 | 36 | F | L | ||||||||||
| CO17 | 41 | M | R | ||||||||||
| CO18 | 33 | M | R | ||||||||||
| CO19 | 45 | M | R | ||||||||||
| CO20 | 54 | M | R | ||||||||||
| CO21 | 53 | M | L |