Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of included studies.
| Author | Year of publication | Country | Region | Study design | Study location | Study setting | Female (%) | Total sample | No with HTN | No with CKD | Mean SBP (mmHg) | Mean DBP (mmHg) | eGFR formula | Method of CKD assessment | Quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ayodele et al. [39] | 2007 | Nigeria | West Africa | Cross-sectional | Urban | Community | 55.9 | 143 | 143 | 33 | 175.36 | 100.01 | MDRD | 2x GFR (3 months) | Medium |
| Peer et al. [33] | 2008 | South Africa | Southern Africa | Cross-sectional | Urban | Community | 55 | 403 | 403 | 13 | 146 ± 27 | 89 ± 13 | CG | 1x GFR | Medium |
| Osafo et al. [35] | 2011 | Ghana | West Africa | Cross-sectional | Urban | Community | 78.25 | 607 | 607 | 164 | 150 | 90 | MDRD | 1x GFR + 1x UPCR | Low |
| Ajayi et al. [41] | 2014 | Nigeria | West Africa | Cross-sectional | Urban | Community | 51.3 | 628 | 404 | 146 | 135.9 ± 27.4 | 87.0 ± 16.3 | MDRD | 1x GFR | Medium |
| Nelissen et al. [36] | 2014 | Nigeria | West Africa | Cross-sectional | Rural | Community | 64.8 | 927 | 182 | 12 | 154.5 ± 21.2 | 96.3 ± 11.8 | MDRD | 1x GFR | Medium |
| Kabedi et al. [38] | 2014 | DRC | Central Africa | Cross-sectional | Urban | Community | 54 | 159 | 159 | 28 | 159.1 | 95.1 | MDRD | 1x GFR | Medium |
| Aryee et al. [40] | 2016 | Ghana | West Africa | Case-control | Urban/rural | Community | 58.89 | 241 | 180 | 40 | 154.69 | 101.24 | CG | 1x GFR | Medium |
| Aryee et al. [40] | 2016 | Ghana | West Africa | Cross-sectional | Urban/rural | Community | 58.89 | 241 | 180 | 32 | 154.69 | 101.24 | MDRD | 1x GFR | Medium |
| Aryee et al. [40] | 2016 | Ghana | West Africa | Cross-sectional | Urban/rural | Community | 58.89 | 241 | 180 | 35 | 154.69 | 101.24 | CKDEPI | 1x GFR | Medium |
| Peck et al. [34] | 2016 | Tanzania | East Africa | Cross-sectional | Urban/rural | Community | 54.3 | 1095 | 180 | 23 | NR | NR | CKDEPI | 1x GFR | Medium |
| Kalyesubula et al. [37] | 2017 | Uganda | East Africa | Cross-sectional | Urban/rural | Community | 66.53 | 955 | 239 | 53 | NR | NR | CG | 1x GFR + 1x dipstick | Medium |
| Adjei et al. [42] | 2018 | Ghana | West Africa | Cross-sectional | Urban/rural | Community | 65.8 | 2524 | 737 | 107 | NR | NR | CKDEPI | 1x GFR + 1x UPCR | Medium |
| Ploth et al. [32] | 2018 | Tanzania | East Africa | Cross-sectional | Rural | Community | 65.97 | 739 | 118 | 14 | NR | NR | CG | 1x GFR | Medium |
| Tannor et al. [31] | 2019 | Ghana | West Africa | Cross-sectional | Urban/rural | Community | 76.25 | 3294 | 1585 | 417 | 140.92 | NR | CKDEPI | 1x GFR + 1x dipstick | Medium |
SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HTN, hypertension; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate, CKP-EPI, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration; MDRD, modification of diet in renal disease; CG, Cockcroft–Gault; NR, not reported; 1x, performed once; 2x, performed twice.