Table 1.

Ethnomedicinal uses of P. peruviana L. in different countries.

Countries	Vernacular names	Part(s) used	Traditional uses	Formulation/method of administration	Voucher number	References
Cameroon	—	Twigs	Cancer or disease relevance to cancer or cancer-like symptoms	—	Yes	[9]
	Ajijieuh	Leaf and stem	Bile, swelling of legs and ankles for pregnant women	Maceration/oral	Yes	[10]
	Ma pe pie	Leaf and stem	Fungal infections	Maceration/oral	Yes	[11]
Colombia	Uchuva	Fruit	Ear pain and diabetes	—	No	[12]
	Uchuva	Fruit	Conjunctivitis and prevention of cataract	Juice/oral	No	[13]
Equator	Uvilla	Flower	Disinfectant and healing of wounds	Decoction/bathe	Yes	[14]
Democratic Republic of the Congo	Mbuma	Leaf	Malaria, intestinal worms, and splenomegaly	Decoction and infusion/oral	Yes	[15]
	Mbuma, Mbupuru, Umuhire	Aerial part	Diabetes mellitus, colic in children, spleen, malaria, and
inflammation	Decoction/oral	No	[16]
	Mpuhuhu	Whole plant	Helminthiasis	Maceration/oral	Yes	[17]
India	Donam as	Fruit	Gastric	Mastication/oral	No	[18]
	Fatki	Leaf and root	Leucorrhea and hydrocele	Decoction/oral	No	[19]
	Kitutu	Leaf	Induction of labor and ease childbirth	Decoction/oral	No	[20]
	Kopalphoota	Whole plant	Jaundice	Raw/oral	No	[21]
	Phakphake	Ripe fruit	Throat sore	Mastication/oral	Yes 0032	[22]
	Pottipalam	Leaf and dried seed	Jaundice and glaucoma	—	No	[23]
	Rashbhari	Leaf	Abdominal disorder during pregnancy	Juice/oral	No	[24]
	Tsiibobopro	Leaf and fruit	Diarrhea and dysentery	Decoction and raw/oral	No	[25]
	Sodukku thakkali	Whole plant	Skin diseases	Extraction/-	No	[26]
	—	Leave	Jaundice	Decoction/oral	No	[27]
	—	Whole plant	Gout	—	No	[28]
	—	Leaf	Jaundice	Paste/-	Yes	[29]
Indonesia	Depuk-depuk	Fruit and whole plant	Smallpox	Decoction/oral	No	[30]
	Pultak-pulta	All parts of the plant	Stomach ache	Decoction/oral	No	[31]
Java	Ciplukan	Leaf and fruit	Diabetes mellitus	—	No	[32]
Kenya	Embunwe, emiilwa (wanga)	Stem, root, fruit, and leaf	Inflammation and abdominal ailmentsΨ	Raw and infusion/poultices and enema	No	[33]
	Mayengo	Leaf	Malaria	Decoction/steam inhalation	Yes	[34]
	Mŭnathi	Leaf	Postpartum pain	Decoction/oral	No	[35]
	Mŭnathi	Leaf	Anthelmintic, postpartum pains, and typhoid	—	No	[36]
	Mŭnathi	Seed, bulb, fruit, leaf, and root	Diarrhea	—	No	[37]
	—	Leaf	Diabetes, malaria, and pneumonia	Decoction/oral	No	[38]
	—	Leaf	Typhoid and pneumonia	Decoction/-	No	[39]
Nepal	Gangathopa	Root	Jaundice	Maceration/oral	No	[40]
	Ram bhutka, Jangali mewa	Root	Piles	—	No	[41]
	—	Leaf	Sore throat and abdominal pain	Juice/oral	No	[42]
New Guinea	Mondon	Leaf	Boils and ulcers	Heating/topical application on to cuts and scratches∗	No	[43]
Rwanda	Umuhuhu	Leaf	Facilitates the issuance of the placenta and abortifacient	—	No	[44]
South Africa	Igquzu	Leaf	Diarrhea and associated ailments.	As food/oral	No	[45]
	Igquzu	Leaf	Diarrhea	Decoction/oral	Yes	[46]
	—	Whole plant and leaf	Cancer	Decoction/oral	DS00095	[47]
Tanzania	Kitutun kikubwa	Leaf	Malaria	Maceration/oral	Yes	[48]
	Msupu	Leaf	Skin fungal infections	Juice/topical application∗	Yes	[49]
	Ntuntunu	Fruit	Typhoid fever	Juice/oral	Yes	[50]
Uganda	Entuutu	Leaf and fruit	Snakebite	Infusion/oral	No	[51]
	Entuutu	Fresh leaf	Skin problems in babies	Decoction/bathe∗	No	[52]
	Entuutu	—	Wounds (fresh)	—	No	[53]
	Kitutu	Leaf	Induce of labor during childbirth	Juice/oral	No	[54]
	Ntuntunu enene	Leaf	Vomiting	Smoked and infusion/bathe	Yes	[55]
	Ntuntunu	Leaf	Malaria	Decoction/oral∗	Yes	[56]
				Decoction/oral∗
	Ntuntunu	Leaf	Infections (antibacterial)	Juice/oral	No	[57]
	Ntutunu enene	Fruit	Ear and eye infection	Chewing and swallowing/oral	Yes	[58]
	Ntutunu enene	Aerial part and leaf	HIV/AIDS	—	Yes	[59]
	—	Whole plant	Rash and ringworm	Juice/-	Yes	[60]

Veterinary use (Ψ); specific characteristics (^∗); not specified (—).