Table 1.
Summary of potential vaccines for SARS-CoV & MER-CoV.
| Type of Vaccines | Target | Procs | Cons | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | Spike protein | Avoids handling of infectious virus, high thermal stability, rapid scale up possible, cheap production, human test conducted (SARS-CoV). | Delivery vehicles needed to obtain high immunogenicity. | (Zhao et al., 2004) |
| Ribonucleic acid (RNA) | Spike protein | Avoids handling of infectious virus, highly immunogenic, rapid scale up possible. | High reactivity of vaccine. | (Du et al., 2009) |
| S-protein (Full length) | Spike protein | Produces good T-cell response, neutralizing antibodies and protective immunity. | May cause liver damage and enhance infection. | (Czub et al., 2005) |
| Viral-vector | Spike protein | Produces good quality neutralizing antibodies, protective immunity and/ or T-cell responses. | ADE effect could be induced in susceptible cases. | (Bisht et al., 2004) |
| Recombinant S-protein | Spike protein | Avoids handling of infectious virus, adjuvants could increase immunogenicity. | Avoids handling of infectious virus, adjuvants could increase immunogenicity. | (Wang et al., 2014) |
| Receptor-Binding-Domain (RBD) | Entire virion | Produces protective immunity, neutralizing antibodies and T-cell response | Unknown | (Du et al., 2008) |
| Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | Entire virion | Produces good quality neutralizing antibodies, protective immunity and/ or T-cell responses. | Limited response; mutants could not be neutralized. | (Liu et al., 2007) |
| Recombinant Receptor-Binding-Domain (rRBD) | Entire virion | Results in cross protection, provides protective immunity, produces neutralizing antibodies and T-cell response; More safe and effective vaccine than other RBD based vaccines. | More doses are required as adjuvants | (Zakhartchouk et al., 2007) |
| Killed vaccine (An inactivated) | Entire virion | Existing production process for licensed vaccines could be utilized; No need for additional infrastructure; immunogenicity could be improved with the use of adjuvants. | Utlization of high concentration of virus (attenuated virus could solve this issue); Integrity of epitope/ antigen is an issue. | (Bolles et al., 2011) |
| An attenuated vaccine (Live) | Entire virion | Existing production process for licensed vaccines could be utilized; No need for additional infrastructure. | Longer duration to obtain attenuated coronavirus vaccine seeds; extensive testing required for safety issues. | (Lamirande et al., 2008) |