Table 5.

Literature about medicinal plants used to fight cancer in the Fez-Meknes region.

Plants	The medical interest of the inventoried plants according to the literature	Ethnopharmacological use
Apteranthes europaea (Guss.) Murb.	Cytotoxic activity on MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 lin cells of breast cancer (Amrati et al., 2020b).	Anti-inflammatory, ulcer, antidiabetic, and anti-bacterial (Adnan et al., 2014)
Aristolochia longa L.	Apoptogenic activity on Burkitt’s lymphoma BL41 cells (Benarba et al., 2012).	Abortifacient, sedative, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-feedant, muscle relaxant, antihistaminic, and anti-allergic (Benarba and Meddah, 2014).
	Cytotoxic activity against lymphocytic leukemia (P-388) and bronchial epidermoid carcinoma of human origin (NSCLCN6) (Hinou et al., 1990).
Nigella sativa L.	Anticancer activity on human breast cancer cells: MCF-7 (Periasamy et al., 2016).	Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, asthma, Obesity, and other metabolic disorders (Namazi et al., 2018).
	Anticancer effect on human lung carcinoma (A549), larynx epidermoid carcinoma (HEp-2), colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29), and pancreas carcinoma (MIA PaCa-2) (Rooney and Ryan, 2005).
Allium sativum L.	Reduction of the frequency progression of colorectal adeno carcinoma (Wargovich, 1987)	Prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis, cardiovascular, hyperlipidemia, thrombosis, hypertension, microbial infections, diabetes, and asthma (Lyantagaye, 2011).
	Treatment of bladder cancer (Lamm and Riggs, 2000)
Marrubium vulgare L.	Cytotoxic activity against the cervical cancer lines: HeLa cells (Zarai et al., 2011).	Neurosedative and anti-inflammatory (Sahpaz et al., 2002).
Trigonella foenum-graecum L.	Cytotoxic effect against T-cell lymphoma (Alsemari et al., 2014).	Antidiabetic, carminative, tonic, and antinociceptive (Hamza et al., 2012); (Javan et al., 1997); (Zia et al., 2001).
Artemisia herba-alba Asso.	Antiproliferative activity against P815 and BSR kidney carcinoma cell lines (Tilaoui et al., 2015).	Treatment of infectious diseases, inflammatory disorders (colds, coughing, bronchitis, diarrhea), diabetes, neuralgias, antiseptic and against skin diseases, scabies, syphilis, fever as well as menstrual and nervous disorders (Abu-Darwish et al., 2015).
	Anticancer activity against human bladder carcinoma RT112, and human myelogenous leukemia K562 (Khlifi et al., 2013).
Allium cepa L.	Cytotoxic activity vs. multidrug resistant erythroleukemic cell lines: (Lucena and K562) (Votto et al., 2010).	Blood purifier, infectious diseases, digestive problems, skin diseases, metabolic disease, insect bites (Teshika et al., 2018).
	Apoptosis and suppression of Bcl-2 through inhibition of PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway in AGS human cancer cells (Lee et al., 2014).
Berberis hispanica Boiss. & Reut.	Apoptotic effect in human laryngeal cancer cells Hep-2 (Boudjlida et al., 2019).	Treatment of gastrointestinal affections, liver inflammation, and biliary disorders (el Hamsas el Youbi, 2011)
Zingiber officinale Roscoe	Ameliorate chemotherapy- induced nausea and vomiting (Jagetia et al., 2003).	Treatment of airway infections, nausea, and spasm (Moghaddasi and Haddad Kashani, 2012), (Chang et al., 2013).
	Anticancer activity against human breast carcinoma cell lines (MCF-7 cancer cells and MDA-MB-231 (Rahman et al., 2011).
	Effect on cancer cell growth of human Hela cancer cells (Cheng et al., 2011).
Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss	Induction cell death in MCF-7 cells (Farshori et al., 2013).	Treatment of gastrointestinal disorder, inflammation, halitosis, kidney stone, amenorrhoea, dermatitis, headcool, vision performance, hemorrhoid (Farzaei et al., 2013).
	Reduction of the cell viability of HepG2 (Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells) (Farshori et al., 2014).
Olea europaea L.	Anti-proliferative activity on human leukemic cell line (Jurkat) (Fares et al., 2011).	Hypertension, inflammatory diseases, diabetes, diarrhea, respiratory and urinary tract infections, stomach, intestinal diseases, asthma, and rheumatism (Scheffler et al., 2008), (Song et al., 2019).
	Anti-cancer effect on human BRAF melanoma cells (Ruzzolini et al., 2018).
Curcuma longa L.	Cytotoxic activity against lymphocytes and Dalton's lymphoma cells (Kuttan et al., 1985).	Biliary disorders, anorexia, cough, diabetic wounds, hepatic disorders, rheumatism and sinusitis (Kumar and Sakhya, 2013).
	Anti-tumor activity against Ehrlich ascites tumour (Ruby et al., 1995).
	Induction of apoptosis in human cell lung cancer NCI-H460 cells 37 (Wu et al., 2010).
Linum usitatissimum L.	Anticancer effect against Human cervical cancer cell line: Hela cells (Joseph et al., 2020).	Diarrhea, gastrointestinal infections, asthma, cough, bronchitis, pneumonia, renal colic, renal calculi, rheumatic swelling (Khan et al., 2017).
	Inhibition of Jeg3 cell growth by the phytoestrogens isolated from Linum usitatissimum L. (Abarzua et al., 2007).
Capparis spinosa L.	Cytotoxic activity against both breast and colon cell lines: MCF-7 and HCT-116 (Aljaiyash et al., 2014).	The treatment of rheumatism, gout and abdominal pains (Maresca et al., 2016).
Erodium guttatum (Desf.) Willd.	No data	Wound healing (Helmstädter, 2017).
Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze	Suppression of the growth of prostate cancer (HH870 and DU145) and epithelial ovarian cancer cell lines (HH450 and HH639) (Ravindranath et al., 2006).	Stimulant, diuretic, astringent, heart health, flatulence, regulating body temperature and blood sugar, promoting digestion, and improving mental processes (Chopade et al., 2008).
Origanum vulgare L.	Anticancer activity against cervical cancer line: Hella cells (Koldaş et al., 2015).	Treatment of respiratory, cutaneous infections, igestive disorders, headaches, sore throats or colds (Vale-Silva et al., 2012), (de Torre et al., 2020).
	Apoptosis in human colon cancer caco2 cells (Savini et al., 2009).
Salvia officinalis L.	Cytotoxic activity on colon cancer: HCT-116 cells (El Hadri et al., 2010).	Treatment of emmenagogue, cold, throat infections, skin diseases, ulcers, laryngitis, inflammation, bronchitis and Alzheimer’s disease (Sharma et al., 2019).
Peganum harmala L.	Antitumor effect on Lewis Lung, sarcoma180 and HepA tumor (Chen et al., 2005)	Antihypertensive, blood purifier, Antidiarrheal, intestinal pain, Antispasmodic in colic, Against nervosity, Emmenagogue, antalgic, Antidiabetic, Anti-pyretic (Moloudizargari et al., 2013).
	Antiproliferative effect on leukemic cell line cells of Jurkat (Lamchouri et al., 2013)
Lepidium sativum L.	Apoptosis in human breast cancer cells: MCF-7 cell lines (Mahassni and Al-Reemi, 2013).	Treatment of chronic liver and spleen complaints, inflammatory rheumatic pains, skin diseases, asthma, diarrhea (Divanji et al., 2011).
Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.	Anticancer activity on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells (Abou-Elella and Ali, 2014).	Treatment of burns, wounds, edema, diabetes, obesity, indigestion, hyperlipidemy, viral and inflammatory infections (Kaur et al., 2012).
	Apoptosis activity in human chronic myeloid leukemia Cell line-K562 (Sreekanth et al., 2007).
Rosmarinus officinalis L.	Antiproliferative effect on human ovarian cancer cells (A2780 and A2780CP70) (Tai et al., 2012).	Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic, spasmolytic, carminative and choleretic applications (Minaiyan et al., 2011).
	Anticancer Effect on CaCo-2 colon cancer cells (Moore et al., 2016).
Ficus carica L.	Anti-angiogenic activity on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (Mostafaie et al., 2011)	Treatment of gastrointestinal disorders (colic, indigestion, loss of appetite, and diarrhea), respiratory (sore throats, cough, and bronchial problems), inflammatory, and cardiovascular disorders (Mawa et al., 2013).
di Punica granatum L.	Induction of apoptosis in prostate cancer cell line (Sineh Sepehr et al., 2012).	Treatment of atherosclerosis, diabetes,hypertension, hyperlipidemia, cancer, peptic ulcer and oral diseases (Ge et al., 2021).
	Anticancer activity on human cancer cell lines melanoma (A375), colon cancer (HCT116), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) (Joseph et al., 2013).
Cuminum cyminum L.	Cytotoxic activity against colon cancer cells (502713, Colo-205, Hep-2, A-549, OVCAR-5, PC-5, SF-295) (Prakash and Gupta, 2014).	Treatment of asthma, bronchitis, rheumatism, hypolipidemia, cancer, diabetes and other inflammatory diseases (Mnif and Aifa, 2015), (Srinivasan, 2018).
Apium graveolens L.	Anticancer activity vs. rhabdomysarcom (RD) and murine (L20B) (AL-Jumaily, 2018).	Treatment of spasm, stomach problems, used also as diuretic, laxative, and sedative, and to lower the blood pressure (Al-Asmari et al., 2017).
Daucus carota L.	Antiproliferative effect on human Lymphoid Leukaemia Cells 67 (Zaini et al., 2012).	Treatment of gastric disorders, acidity and gastric ulcers (Nayeem et al., 2010)
	Anticancer effect against human colon (HT‐29, Caco‐2) and breast (MCF‐7, MDA‐MB‐231) cancer cell (Shebaby et al., 2013).
Dittrichia viscosa (L.)	Antiproliferative and apoptosis effects on breast cancer cells (MCF-7) (Talib et al., 2012).	Wound healing, herniated disc, stomachache, anticancer, kidney pain, kidney stones, skin, hair, eye ailments and cancer (Sevgi et al., 2021).
Sinapis alba L.	Anticancer effect on colon cancer cell lines (SW480) (Yuan et al., 2011).	Anti-tumor, antiviral, and analgesic agent (Mitrović et al., 2020).
	Suppression of colonic cancer (Zhu et al., 2012).
Origanum majorana L.	Apoptotic and anti-proliferative activity on human lymphoblastic leukemic cell line (Jurkat) (Abdel-Massih et al., 2010).	Treatment of insomnia, gastritis, asthma and nervousness (Singla and Vasudeva, 2015).
Origanum vulgare L.	Anticancer activity on human lung cancer cell line (A549) (Sankar et al., 2013).	Digestive and circulatory stimulant, antispasmodic, calmative, carminative, diaphoretic, expectorant, stomachic agent (de Torre et al., 2020).
Hordeum vulgare L.	Inhibition of oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis (J. B. Jeong et al., 2009).	Treatment of inflammatory, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, circulatory disorders, arthritis, anemia, excessive cholesterol levels, renal difficulties, and cancer (Gul et al., 2014), (Thatiparthi et al., 2019).
	Antitumor effect in mammary carcinogenesis (Kubatka et al., 2016).
Vitis vinifera L.	Anticancer effect on liver (HepG2) and cervical (HeLa) cancer cells (Apostolou et al., 2013).	Treatment of diarrhea, hepatitis and stomachaches (Aouey et al., 2016).
Ephedra alata Decne	Antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic potential against the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line (Danciu et al., 2018).	Treatment of allergies, asthma, colds, coughs, edema, fever, headaches, and nasal congestion (Mighri et al., 2019).
Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn	Cytotoxicity on lung cancer cell lines (A549) (Bozcuk et al., 2011).	No data
Pinus halepensis Mill.	Antiangiogenic activity on adenocarcinoma of human basal epithelial cells (A549), human colon adenocarcinoma (HCT15) and human myeloma (HL60) (Kadri et al., 2014).	Treatment of diarrhea, wounds, rheumatism, cough, gastrointestinal illnesses, hypertension, and hemorrhoids, used also as antiseptic, astringent, antifungal, and anti-tuberculosis (El Omari et al., 2021).
Urtica dioica L.	Antiproliferative activity on human prostate cancer cells (LNCaP, hPCPs) (Konrad et al., 2000).	Used as antihypertensive blood purifier, emmenagogue, diuretic, as well as to treat menstrual hemorrhage, rheumatism, and eczema (Testai et al., 2002), (Ilhan et al., 2019)
Citrus aurantium L.	Induction of G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis in human gastric cancer AGS Cells (Lee et al., 2012).	Treatment of influenza, insomnia, used also as tranquilizer, cardiovascular analeptic, and antispasmodic (Karthikeyan, 2014).
	Induction of the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in lung cancer cells (A549) (Park et al., 2012).
	Cytotoxic effect on human colorectal carcinoma cell line (lim1863) (Odeh et al., 2012).