Table 3.

Overview of sequence variation observed within the Austrian population using the PowerSeq 46GY kit: As expected, MPS techniques revealed increased genetic variation compared to length-based technologies. To characterize the location of sequence variation, we used repeat and flanking region definitions reported in the updated Forensic STR Sequence Structure Guide v5 (Phillips 2018). Due to the lack of a harmonized MPS allele nomenclature that would also define flanking region lengths, we considered the fully available sequence strings up- and downstream from the repeat region as flanking regions. Size-based STR analysis was performed using the AmpFlSTR NGM SElect Express kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) and the PowerPlex16 kit (Promega, USA)

	Number of different alleles observed		Increase in sequence variation		Region of sequence variation
Marker	Length-based	Sequence-based	No. of alleles	x-fold↑	Repeat	Flanking
D12S391	16	53	37	3.3	◊
D2S1338	11	33	22	3.0	◊	•
D21S11	14	36	22	2.6	◊
D3S1358	7	20	13	2.9	◊
vWA	7	19	12	2.7	◊	•
D7S820	8	20	12	2.5		•
D5S818	7	18	11	2.6		•
D8S1179	10	19	9	1.9	◊
D1S1656	16	25	9	1.6	◊	•
D13S317	9	16	7	1.8		•
Penta D	12	18	6	1.5		•
D16S539	9	14	5	1.6		•
D2S441	11	15	4	1.4	◊	•
FGA	15	18	3	1.2	◊
D19S433	15	18	3	1.2	◊	•
TPOX	6	8	2	1.3		•
D18S51	14	16	2	1.1	◊
TH01	7	8	1	1.1	◊	•
CSF1PO	8	9	1	1.1	◊	•
D10S1248	9	9	-	-	-	-
Penta E	16	16	-	-	-	-
D22S1045	9	9	-	-	-	-