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. 2021 Oct 5;12:720190. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.720190

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Copyright © 2021 Madrid, Brennan, Yin, Knight and Efimov.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Pericardium-inspired conformal three-dimensional multifunctional integumentary membrane (3D-MIM) for optical stimulation. (A) The 3D-MIM substrate is created by capturing the 3D geometry of the heart, rendering a solid model, and casting and curing a thin silicone elastomer. Scale bar, 2 cm. (B) A representative image of the 3D-MIM deployed on a Langendorff-perfused rabbit heart with u-ILEDs, pH sensors, and temperature sensors that cover both the anterior and posterior sides of the heart. Scale bar, 6 mm. (C) Detailed view of each type of sensor that is integrated into the 3D-MIM. Scale bars, 500 um. Reproduced from Xu et al. (2014).