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. 2021 Oct 5;12:720190. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.720190

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Copyright © 2021 Madrid, Brennan, Yin, Knight and Efimov.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Gold optoelectronic devices for simultaneous optical modulation and electrophysiology possess superior properties including low electrical impedance, high transparency, good cell viability, and superb flexibility. (A) Exploded illustration of a multifunctional optoelectronic device containing a transparent gold nanogrid electrode directly on top of a μ-ILED. (B) Optical images of a device with μ-ILED turned off (left) and a blue (middle) and green (right) μ-ILED turned on. (C) SEM image of a representative Au nanogrid electrode with a width at 500 nm and a line spacing at 5 μm. (D) Current and voltage characteristics of the blue and green μ-ILEDs. (E) Normalized emission spectra of the blue and green μ-ILEDs. Reproduced from Obaid et al. (2020).