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Meflin and Grem1 expression in CAFs regulates stromal BMP signalling involved in tumour progression. The collective evidence from several studies shows that Meflin+ rCAFs proliferate in early-stage cancer, in which Meflin may augment stromal BMP signalling that counteracts with TGF-β signalling. In advanced-stage cancer, Grem1+ pCAFs may be dominant and suppress BMP signalling to promote cancer progression.
