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. 2021 Oct 5;12:733566. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.733566

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Age-related effects on B cells and the impact on disease prevalence. Aging is associated with reduced lymphoid output in the bone marrow and intrinsic defects in B cells, including decreased CSR, SHM and antibody affinity. The increase in ABCs also results in increased pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and autoantibody reduction. Together, these age-related B cell changes contribute to the increased risk for infections and autoimmune diseases upon aging.