Figure 2.

Potential effects of aging on atherosclerosis development and future strategies for B cell-specific treatment against atherosclerosis. B cell aging leads to reduced lymphoid output, reduced numbers of IgM-producing B cells and an increase in age-related B cell subsets, thereby resulting in both pro- and anti-atherogenic effects. Further characterization of B cells in atherosclerosis via single-cell RNA sequencing, BCR sequencing and single-cell assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing should give further insights for the development of B cell-specific therapies against atherosclerosis, such as HSC rejuvenation and anti-ABC treatments.