Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2021 Oct 5;12:721830. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.721830

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

Copyright © 2021 Zeng, Li, Sander, Zhang, Yan and Lin

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

PMC Copyright notice

Obstacles to OVT of gliomas via intratumoral and systemic delivery. For intratumoral delivery only, 1) the expense and complexity of neurosurgical procedures, limiting repeat administration. For systemic delivery only, 1) After injection, the first challenge is neutralization of OVs by antibodies in the peripheral blood; 2) Off target effect is the second challenge for systemic delivery since OVs may not be able to reach to the brain and cause infection to normal tissue (e.g. liver); 3) even if OVs can reach to the brain, the intact BBB is able to block the passage of most viruses. For both intratumoral and systemic delivery, 1) Innate anti-viral response can prevent OVs from interacting with tumor cells; 2) the specific tumor microenvironment is also resistant to OVs infection and suppresses the OVs-induced anti-tumor immune response; 3) tumor heterogeneity can make OVs insensitive to part of tumor cells.