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. 2021 Oct 5;12:750542. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.750542

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Copyright © 2021 Grover, Goel and Greene

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Different modes of Immunosuppression by Treg cells. Various mechanisms include (A) suppression of dendritic cells (DCs) to modulate their maturation and function via CTLA4 and LAG3 (B) release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) (C) secretion of suppressive immunoregulatory cytokines such as TGF-β, IL-10, and IL-35 (D) Granzyme/perforin mediated cellular cytolysis and (E) metabolic perturbations involving CD25 dependent cytokine deprivation, generation of adenosine by ectoenzymes CD39 and CD73 and c-AMP mediated inhibition.