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. 2021 Oct 14;14:5273–5290. doi: 10.2147/JIR.S334996

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© 2021 Deng et al.

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An overview of the FGF signaling pathways. (A) Activation of FGFRs by FGFs via the paracrine pathway, mediated by HS cofactor. (B) Activation of FGFR by FGF-Klotho-FGFR ternary complex. The complex formation is regulated via the Endocrine pathway, mediated by Klotho protein cofactor. (C) Regulation of functioning of various signal transduction pathways such as growth and development in the human body by FGF-activated FGFR.