Table 1.
Socio-demographic, pathophysiological and lifestyle characteristics of participants based on status of MetS (n = 302).
| Variables | Presence of MetS (n = 88) |
Absence of MetS (n = 214) |
P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Frequency (%) | Mean (SD) | Frequency (%) | ||
| Age (years) | 48.03 (13.67) | 41.53 (14.52) | 0.000 | ||
| Gender | 0.619 | ||||
| Male | 25 (28.4) | 67 (31.3) | |||
| Female | 63 (71.6) | 147 (68.7) | |||
| Race | 0.538 | ||||
| Bamar | 87 (98.9) | 210 (98.1) | |||
| India | 1 (1.1) | 1 (0.5) | |||
| Rakhine | 0 (0) | 1 (0.5) | |||
| Pa Laung | 0 (0) | 1 (0.5) | |||
| Ka Mel | 0 (0) | 1 (0.5) | |||
| Religion | |||||
| Buddhist | 88 (100) | 212 (99.1) | |||
| Islam | 0 (0) | 2 (0.9) | |||
| Marital status | 0.648 | ||||
| Never married | 8 (9.1) | 31 (14.5) | |||
| Married | 65 (73.9) | 142 (66.4) | |||
| Divorced | 4 (4.5) | 12 (5.6) | |||
| Widow/er | 11 (12.5) | 28 (13.1) | |||
| Unwillingness to answer | 0 (0) | 1 (0.5) | |||
| Years of education | 5.82 (3.83) | 6.07 (3.73) | 0.597 | ||
| Occupation | 0.056 | ||||
| Government employee (0) | 0 (0) | 5 (2.3) | |||
| Private employee (1) | 6 (6.8) | 27 (12.6) | |||
| Laborer (2) | 2 (2.3) | 19 (8.9) | |||
| Private business (3) | 32 (36.4) | 74 (34.6) | |||
| Students (4) | 0 (0) | 6 (2.8) | |||
| Retired (5) | 1 (1.1) | 1 (0.5) | |||
| No income works (6) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.5) | |||
| Dependence (7) | 2 (2.3) | 1 (0.5) | |||
| Unemployment (able) (8) | 37 (42.0) | 69 (32.2) | |||
| Unemployment (unable) (9) | 8 (9.1) | 11 (5.1) | |||
| Income per month (Kyats) | 138295.97 (264866.74) | 116317.76 (129350.46) | 0.334 | ||
| Living years in current area (years) | 31.55 (20.33) | 26.19 (17.27) | 0.021 | ||
| Numbers of family members | 4.19 (1.57) | 3.86 (1.90) | 0.142 | ||
| Numbers of children | 2.42 (2.09) | 1.76 (1.60) | 0.003 | ||
| Body Mass Index (Kg/m2) | 29.11 (4.09) | 24.08 (4.59) | 0.000 | ||
| Waist circumference (cm) | 92.13 (9.41) | 78.29 (10.05) | 0.000 | ||
| Glycated hemoglobin A1c (%) | 6.79 (1.51) | 5.84 (0.81) | 0.000 | ||
| Fasting blood sugar (mg/dl) | 133.77 (54.94) | 96.71 (28.87) | 0.000 | ||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 208.74 (41.57) | 187.74 (37.57) | 0.000 | ||
| Triglyceride (mg/dl) | 202.70 (96.94) | 117.34 (63.54) | 0.000 | ||
| High density lipoprotein (mg/dl) | 50.63 (12.11) | 60.86 (17.93) | 0.000 | ||
| Low density lipoprotein (mg/dl) | 118.24 (36.34) | 104.31 (33.89) | 0.002 | ||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 142.50 (18.38) | 122.56 (14.57) | 0.000 | ||
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 90.64 (11.51) | 79.26 (10.13) | 0.000 | ||
| Duration of sleep (hrs) | 7.82 (1.44) | 7.95 (1.38) | 0.453 | ||
| Inadequate sleeping status | 7 (8.0) | 19 (10.3) | 0.533 | ||
| Napping | 63 (71.6) | 120 (56.1) | 0.012 | ||
| Meal frequency (3 times/day) | 98 (83.1) | 136 (73.9) | 0.168 | ||
| Skipping breakfast | 5 (5.7) | 15 (7.0) | 0.673 | ||
| Skipping dinner | 3 (3.4) | 20 (9.3) | 0.077 | ||
| Largest meal | 0.484 | ||||
| Breakfast | 18 (20.5) | 29 (15.76) | |||
| Lunch | 48 (54.5) | 120 (56.1) | |||
| Dinner | 9 (10.2) | 32 (15.0) | |||
| Equal meal | 6 (6.8) | 12 (5.6) | |||
| Breakfast & lunch | 0 (0) | 3 (1.4) | |||
| Lunch & dinner | 5 (5.7) | 16 (7.5) | |||
| Breakfast & dinner | 2 (2.3) | 2 (0.9) | |||
| Eating snacks between meals | 49 (55.7) | 112 (52.3) | 0.596 | ||
| Eating home-cooked meal | 88 (100) | 209 (97.7) | 0.148 | ||
| Eating typical Myanmar meal | 85 (96.6) | 206 (96.3) | 0.890 | ||
| Eating meal quickly | 26 (29.5) | 88 (41.1) | 0.059 | ||
| Pay attention to healthy eating | 45 (51.1) | 122 (57.0) | 0.351 | ||
| Eating oily meal | 36 (40.9) | 72 (33.6) | 0.231 | ||
| Eating salty meal | 30 (34.1) | 81 (37.9) | 0.538 | ||
| Eating fruits and vegetables | 86 (97.7) | 205 (95.8) | 0.415 | ||
| Eating fish, meat and eggs | 84 (95.5) | 199 (93.0) | 0.423 | ||
| Drinking caffeinated beverages | 49 (55.7) | 128 (59.8) | 0.508 | ||
| Current smoking | 11 (12.5) | 47 (22.0) | 0.058 | ||
| Past smoking | 20 (22.7) | 51 (23.8) | 0.837 | ||
| Never smoking | 68 (77.3) | 160 (74.8) | 0.645 | ||
| Passive smoker | 33 (37.5) | 99 (46.3) | 0.163 | ||
| Current alcohol drinking | 12 (13.6) | 25 (11.7) | 0.638 | ||
| Past alcohol drinking | 15 (17.0) | 41 (19.2) | 0.668 | ||
| Never alcohol drinking | 71 (80.7) | 172 (80.4) | 0.951 | ||
| Current smokeless tobacco user | 22 (25.0) | 65 (30.4) | 0.349 | ||
| Past smokeless tobacco user | 27 (30.7) | 70 (32.7) | 0.732 | ||
| Never smokeless tobacco user | 61 (69.3) | 140 (65.4) | 0.514 | ||
| Do physical exercises | 32 (36.4) | 75 (35.0) | 0.828 | ||
| Know benefits of physical exercises | 78 (88.6) | 154 (77.1) | 0.022 | ||
| Practice sedentary lifestyle | 70 (79.5) | 169 (79.0) | 0.911 | ||
| Work-related physical activities | 53 (60.2) | 151 (70.6) | 0.081 | ||
| Work-related sedentary lifestyle | 41 (46.6) | 125 (58.4) | 0.055 | ||
| Walking quickly | 29 (33.0) | 96 (44.9) | 0.056 | ||
| Getting weight within 10 years | 66 (75.0) | 113 (52.8) | 0.000 | ||
| Practice health examination | 24 (27.3) | 25 (11.1) | 0.001 | ||
| Family history of NCD | 31 (35.2) | 69 (32.2) | 0.617 | ||
MetS: Metabolic syndrome, NCD: Non-communicable diseases, SD: Standard deviation.