Table 2.
Baseline characteristics and angiographic and magnetic resonance parameters in patients admitted between 2015–2019 and 2020
| Total population (n = 172) | Pre-pandemic 2015–2019 (n = 124) | Pandemic, 2020 (n = 48) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline characteristic | ||||
| Age, years | 58 (51–68) | 58 (50–68) | 61 (53–68) | 0.26 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 36 (21) | 22 (18) | 14 (29) | 0.10 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 26 (24–28) | 26 (24–28) | 26 (23–28) | 0.57 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 93 (54) | 69 (56) | 24 (50) | 0.51 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 68 (40) | 52 (42) | 16 (33) | 0.30 |
| Hyperlipidaemia, n (%) | 91 (53) | 69 (56) | 22 (46) | 0.25 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 14 (8) | 11 (9) | 3 (6) | 0.57 |
| Renal insufficiency, n (%) | 14 (8) | 10 (8) | 4 (8) | 0.98 |
| Heart rate, b.p.m. | 73 (62–88) | 74 (61–87) | 73 (63–90) | 0.61 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 140 (118–160) | 140 (115–160) | 143 (118–158) | 0.90 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 85 (74–100) | 85 (72–100) | 86 (75–94) | 0.91 |
| TIMI risk score | 3 (1–4) | 3 (1–4) | 3 (1–5) | 0.47 |
| Admission Killip class | 0.27 | |||
| 1 | 116 (67) | 84 (68) | 32 (67) | |
| 2 | 55 (32) | 40 (32) | 15 (31) | |
| 3 | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 1 (2) | |
| 4 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Total ischaemia time, min | 202 (132–354) | 184 (124–314) | 263 (170–531) | <0.01 |
| Door to reperfusion time, min | 21 (7–45) | 22 (7–45) | 20 (7–45) | 0.90 |
| Periprocedural therapy, n (%) | ||||
| Aspirin | 172 (100) | 124 (100) | 48 (100) | – |
| P2Y12 inhibitors | 170 (99) | 122 (98) | 48 (100) | 0.38 |
| Clopidogrel | 37 (22) | 28 (22) | 9 (19) | 0.58 |
| Prasugrel, ticagrelor | 133 (77) | 94 (76) | 39 (81) | 0.44 |
| Heparin | 171 (99) | 123 (99) | 48 (100) | 0.53 |
| Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors | 27 (16) | 25 (20) | 2 (4) | 0.01 |
| Discharge medication, n (%) | ||||
| Aspirin | 169 (98) | 122 (98) | 47 (98) | 0.83 |
| P2Y12 inhibitors | 171 (99) | 123 (99) | 48 (100) | 0.53 |
| Clopidogrel | 31 (18) | 21 (17) | 10 (21) | 0.55 |
| Prasugrel, ticagrelor | 140 (81) | 102 (82) | 38 (79) | 0.55 |
| Beta-blockers | 159 (92) | 116 (94) | 43 (90) | 0.38 |
| ACE inhibitors/AT-1 antagonists | 165 (96) | 119 (96) | 46 (96) | 0.97 |
| Statins | 172 (100) | 124 (100) | 48 (100) | – |
| Angiographic parameters | ||||
| TIMI flow 0 pre-pPCI, n (%) | 120 (70) | 84 (68) | 36 (75) | 0.35 |
| TIMI flow 3 post-pPCI, n (%) | 152 (88) | 112 (90) | 40 (83) | 0.20 |
| Culprit lesion, n (%) | 0.35 | |||
| RCA | 58 (34) | 40 (32) | 18 (38) | |
| Segment 1 | 26 (15) | 20 (16) | 6 (13) | |
| Segment 2 | 21 (12) | 15 (12) | 6 (13) | |
| Segment 3 | 10 (6) | 5 (4) | 5 (10) | |
| Segment 4 | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 1 (2) | |
| LAD | 86 (50) | 60 (48) | 26 (54) | |
| Segment 6 | 53 (30) | 39 (31) | 14 (29) | |
| Segment 7 | 25 (15) | 15 (12) | 10 (21) | |
| Segment 8 | 4 (2) | 3 (2) | 1 (2) | |
| Segment 9 | 3 (2) | 2 (2) | 1 (2) | |
| Segment 10 | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | |
| LCX | 26 (15) | 22 (18) | 4 (8) | |
| Segment 11 | 14 (8) | 12 (10) | 2 (4) | |
| Segment 12 | 4 (2) | 3 (2) | 1 (2) | |
| Segment 13 | 7 (4) | 6 (5) | 1 (2) | |
| Segment 15 | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | |
| RI | 2 (1) | 2 (2) | 0 (0) | |
| Segment 16 | 2 (1) | 2 (2) | 0 (0) | |
| Number of affected vessels, n (%) | 0.59 | |||
| 1 | 107 (62) | 80 (64) | 27 (56) | |
| 2 | 42 (25) | 28 (23) | 14 (29) | |
| 3 | 23 (13) | 16 (13) | 7 (15) | |
| Thrombectomy, n (%) | 34 (20) | 34 (27) | 0 (0) | <0.01 |
| Stenting, n (%) | 172 (100) | 124 (100) | 48 (100) | – |
| Number of stents | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 2 (1–3) | 0.01 |
| Multivessel acute PCI, n (%) | 23 (13) | 14 (11) | 9 (19) | 0.20 |
| MRI parameters | ||||
| Time to MRI, days | 4 (3–5) | 4 (3–5) | 4 (3–6) | 0.53 |
| Transmurality, n (%) | 0.17 | |||
| 0–75% | 33 (19) | 27 (22) | 6 (13) | |
| 75–100% | 139 (81) | 97 (78) | 42 (88) | |
| Infarct size, % LVMM | 18 (11–27) | 16 (9–24) | 22 (12–29) | 0.02 |
| MVO, n (%) | 103 (60) | 66 (53) | 37 (77) | <0.01 |
| MVO, % LVMM | 0.6 (0.0–2.8) | 0.3 (0.0–1.8) | 1.5 (0.1–11.4) | <0.01 |
| IMH, n (%) | 60 (40) | 38 (35) | 22 (56) | 0.02 |
| LVEF, % | 50 (40–56) | 50 (43–57) | 46 (35–54) | 0.01 |
| LVEF ≤35%, n (%) | 23 (13) | 11 (9) | 12 (25) | <0.01 |
| LVEF ≤40%, n (%) | 41 (24) | 23 (19) | 18 (38) | <0.01 |
| LV GLS, % | –11 (–13 to –8) | –12 (–14 to –10) | –8 (–10 to –6) | <0.01 |
| LV GRS, % | 25 (19–31) | 25 (19–32) | 21 (16–29) | 0.04 |
| LV GCS, % | –14 (–16 to –12) | –14 (–16 to –12) | –14 (–16 to –10) | 0.43 |
MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; TIMI, Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction; pPCI, primary percutaneous coronary intervention; RCA, right coronary artery; LAD, left anterior descending artery; LCX, left circumflex artery; LVMM, left ventricular myocardial mass; MVO, microvascular obstruction; IMH, intramyocardial haemorrhage; LV, left ventricular; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; GLS, global longitudinal strain; GRS, global radial strain; GCS, global circumferential strain.