Table 1.
Characteristics of the enrolled patients categorized based on CKD and SD of eGFR
| CKD (−) n = 2633 | CKD (+) N = 959 | P | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low SD (n = 1241) | High SD (n = 1392) | Low SD (n = 555) | High SD (n = 404) | ||
| Age (year) | 65.0 ± 9.8 | 63.2 ± 9.6a | 73.0 ± 10.0ab | 71.3 ± 10.5ab | < 0.001 |
| Male, n (%) | 773 (62.3%) | 629 (45.2%)a | 339 (61.1%)b | 208 (51.5%)abc | < 0.001 |
| Current smoking, n (%) | 142 (11.4%) | 127 (9.1%) | 32 (5.8%)ab | 25 (6.2%)a | < 0.001 |
| CVD history, n (%) | 155 (12.5%) | 198 (14.2%) | 128 (23.1%)ab | 114 (28.2%)ab | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.7 ± 3.9 | 25.8 ± 4.4 | 25.8 ± 4.0 | 26.6 ± 4.2ab | 0.002 |
| Duration of diabetes (year) | 13.2 ± 7.6 | 12.4 ± 7.1 | 17.2 ± 8.6ab | 16.0 ± 8.8ab | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 947 (76.3%) | 1033 (74.2%) | 521 (93.9%)ab | 382 (94.6%)ab | < 0.001 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 135 ± 18 | 135 ± 18 | 141 ± 19ab | 142 ± 22ab | < 0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 77 ± 10 | 76 ± 11 | 76 ± 11 | 76 ± 13 | 0.231 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.3 ± 1.3 | 7.5 ± 1.4 | 7.4 ± 1.4 | 7.6 ± 1.7* | 0.005 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.0 ± 0.8 | 4.1 ± 0.9a | 4.0 ± 0.8b | 4.0 ± 0.9b | < 0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.4b | 1.2 ± 0.4ab | < 0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.4 ± 0.8 | 1.5 ± 1.3a | 1.6 ± 1.3a | 1.9 ± 2.0abc | < 0.001 |
| Index eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 84.6 ± 16.1 | 93.4 ± 21.1a | 44.2 ± 11.4ab | 42.9 ± 12.3ab | < 0.001 |
| Mean of eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 85.2 ± 15.9 | 97.8 ± 20.1a | 46.7 ± 11.3ab | 54.7 ± 15.0*#† | < 0.001 |
| SD of eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 5.0 ± 1.6 | 13.7 ± 7.1a | 4.4 ± 1.7b | 13.6 ± 7.2*† | < 0.001 |
| Albuminuria | 69 (5.6%) | 87 (6.3%) | 143 (25.8%)ab | 117 (29.0%)ab | < 0.001 |
| ACE inhibitor or ARB, n (%) | 491 (39.6%) | 489 (35.1%) | 312 (56.2%)ab | 223 (55.2%)ab | < 0.001 |
| Antiplatelet, n (%) | 339 (27.3%) | 371 (26.7%) | 243 (43.8%)ab | 198 (49.0%)ab | < 0.001 |
| Statins, n (%) | 929 (74.9%) | 1027 (73.8%) | 414 (74.6%) | 291 (72.0%) | 0.701 |
| Insulin therapy, n (%) | 244 (19.7%) | 321 (23.1%)a | 170 (30.6%)ab | 144 (35.6%)ab | < 0.001 |
| Oral antidiabetic drugs | 1124 (90.6%) | 1255 (90.2%) | 479 (86.3%) | 349 (86.4%) | 0.008 |
| Insulin secretagogues, n (%) | 484 (39.0%) | 519 (37.3%) | 227 (40.9%) | 156 (38.6%) | 0.505 |
| Metformin, n (%) | 508 (40.9%) | 559 (40.2%) | 125 (22.5%)ab | 115 (28.5%)abc | < 0.001 |
| Thiazolidinediones, n (%) | 298 (24.0%) | 359 (25.8%) | 143 (25.8%) | 99 (24.5%) | 0.721 |
| DPP4 inhibitors, n (%) | 748 (60.3%) | 816 (58.6%) | 349 (62.9%) | 253 (62.6%) | 0.251 |
| SGLT2 inhibitors, n (%) | 132 (10.6%) | 203 (14.6%)a | 28 (5.0%)ab | 22 (5.4%)ab | < 0.001 |
| Mortality, n (%) | 22 (1.8%) | 44 (3.2%)a | 27 (4.9%)a | 34 (8.4%)abc | < 0.001 |
| Incidence of mortality (deaths/100 person-years)d | 1.1 | 2.0 | 3.2 | 5.6 | < 0.001 |
Continuous data are presented as the mean ± SD, and categorical data are presented as numbers (%)
CKD was defined as an index eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, and SD of eGFR was grouped based on the median of 7.62 mL/min/1.73 m2
ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme, ARB angiotensin II receptor antagonist, BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, CVD cardiovascular disease, DPP4 dipeptidyl peptidase-4, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, HbA1c hemoglobin A1c, HDL high-density lipoprotein, SD standard deviation, SGLT2 sodium glucose cotransporter 2
a–cIndicates statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) compared to the low SD without CKD, high SD without CKD, and low SD with CKD groups, respectively; only one of the three markers, in the order of priority, is used between the compared groups
dUsing log rank test