Table 3.
Inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters of serum in different experimental groups
| Groups Variable | Control | Tramadol | Tramadol + single Quercetin | Tramadol + chronic quercetin | Tramadol + single Quercetin + Naloxone |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NOx (μmol/l) | 24.9 [19, 54.8] | 51.4 [26.2, 73.9] | 27.9 [11.16, 81.9] | 22.1 [12.5, 27.6] | 33.39 [12.18, 108.6] |
| SOD (U/ml) | 439.5 ± 50.3 | 494.6 ± 99.1 | 527.9 ± 78.2 | 574.4 ± 76.5 | 441.5 ± 86.9 |
| MDA (μmol/l) | 2.15 ± 0.2 | 2.32 ± 0.3 | 2.39 ± 0.3 | 2.21 ± 0.4 | 2.5 ± 0.7 |
| IL-6 (ng/L) | 8.6 ± 3.4 | 11.4 ± 4.5 | 12.87 ± 4.4 | 13.01 ± 4 | 10.08 ± 1.7 |
| Tnf-a (pg/mL) | 10.32 ± 1.1 | 13.86 ± 4.3 | 13.7 ± 2.8 | 15.2 ± 1.3* | 14.6 ± 0.8* |
Statistical comparison between groups was made using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroniposthoc or Kruskal Wallis test and Dunn-Bonferroni post hoc
NOx: Nitric Oxide, SOD: Superoxide dismutase, MDA: Malondialdehyde, IL-6: interleukin-6, Tnf-a: Tumour Necrosis Factor-alpha
* p < 0.05 significant as compared to the control group