Table 2.
Comparison of Lung Function, PASP, EV Numbers, and TGF-β Levels in PLWH with or without PH and HIV-Negative Control Subjects
| Characteristic [Median (IQR)] | HIV-Negative Individuals (N = 30) | PLWH without PH (N = 30) | PLWH with PH (N = 13) | All PLWH with and without PH (N = 43) | Unadjusted P Value (P Value Adjusted for Sex and Race) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Difference between HIV-Negative Individuals and PLWH without PH | Difference between HIV-Negative Individuals and PLWH with PH | Difference between HIV-Negative Individuals and All PLWH | Difference between PLWH with PH and PLWH without PH | |||||
| CD4, cell count/μl | — | 531.0 (327.5–687.0) | 633.5 (269.2–708.5) | 543.0 (307.0–0.695) | — | — | — | 0.8123 (0.9388) |
| Viral load, median (range) copies/ml | — | 49 (19–1,250,000) | 39 (9–336,000) | 39 (9–1,250,000) | — | — | — | 0.8549 (0.6420) |
| FVC% predicted after BD | 94.83 (0.87.31–103.92) | 84.00 (79.51–95.95) | 77.90 (71.90–96.40) | 83.88 (77.04–96.29) | 0.2683 (0.5629) | 0.0268 (0.0537) | 0.0181 (0.0792) | 0.3397 (0.2817) |
| FEV1% predicted after BD | 93.87 (83.50–106.80) | 88.04 (81.51–94.29) | 77.00 (56.70–95.50) | 87.21 (77.32–95.20) | 0.5639 (0.6221) | 0.0210 (0.0263) | 0.0532 (0.0721) | 0.1386 (0.1447) |
| FEV1/FVC after BD | 80.90 (75.55–84.75) | 80.60 (74.60–83.30) | 75.30 (65.70–84.70) | 80.00 (74.05–83.97) | 0.9431 (0.9977) | 0.3889 (0.3284) | 0.7519 (0.5569) | 0.2664 (0.2952) |
| DlCO% predicted | 86.83 (75.71–96.33) | 78.59 (64.98–82.60) | 70.85 (52.52–80.45) | 77.10 (62.56–82.44) | 0.0146 (0.1149) | 0.0012 (0.0015) | <0.001 (<0.001) | 0.2998 (0.1058) |
| PASP, mm Hg | — | 30.00 (26.00–33.00) | 44.00 (39.00–46.00) | 35.00 (27.50–41.00) | — | — | — | <0.001 (<0.001) |
| EV number × 1010 | 4.60 (2.39–9.13) | 7.65 (5.01–10.23) | 12.20 (9.21–13.10) | 8.80 (6.08–11.80) | 0.1014 (0.1171) | <0.001 (<0.001) | <0.001 (<0.001) | <0.001 (<0.001) |
| TGF-β1 active, pg/ml | 67.52 (48.87–90.43) | 73.42 (24.76–107.01) | 169.62 (126.86–250.50) | 85.49 (44.23–161.22) | 0.4141 (0.6112) | <0.001 (<0.001) | 0.5675 (0.3970) | <0.001 (<0.001) |
| TGF-β1 total, pg/ml | 90.55 (74.05–125.55) | 91.75 (66.08–137.90) | 258.70 (230.30–360.00) | 122.20 (75.75–226.90) | 0.9599 (0.9909) | <0.001 (<0.001) | 0.0335 (0.0220) | <0.001 (<0.001) |
Definition of abbreviations: BD = bronchodilator test; EV = extracellular vesicle; FEV1 = forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC = forced vital capacity; IQR = interquartile range; PASP = pulmonary arterial systolic pressure; TGF = transforming growth factor.
Differences among groups were assessed by using ANOVA followed by post hoc pairwise tests with multiple comparison adjustments. For the covariate-adjusted analyses, linear models were used and followed by post hoc pairwise tests. For variables present in only two groups (CD4, viral load, and PASP), t tests were used.