TABLE 1.
Frequency and percentage of each sign and symptom in the groups classified as COVID-19 positive or negative by the Ultrasound-guided Minimally Invasive Autopsy - COVID-19 Case-Control study in Brazil project, Sao Paulo, Brazil, March - December 2020.
| Signal/Symptom a | Positive n (%) (N = 72) | Negative n (%) (N = 40) | Sensitivity b (95% Confidence interval) | Specificity b (95% Confidence interval) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Difficulty breathing | — | — | 91.7 (82.7–96.9) | 47.5 (31.5–63.9) |
| yes | 66 (91.7) | 20 (50) | — | — |
| no | 5 (6.9) | 19 (47.5) | — | — |
| don´t know | 1 (1.4) | 1 (2.5) | — | — |
| Fatigue | — | — | 79.2 (68–87.8) | 42.5 (27–59) |
| yes | 57 (79.2) | 23 (57.5) | — | — |
| no | 8 (11.1) | 17 (42.5) | — | — |
| don´t know | 7 (9.7) | 0 | — | — |
| Fever | — | — | 75 (63.4–84.6) | 82.5 (67.2–92.7) |
| yes | 54 (75) | 7 (17.5) | — | — |
| no | 16 (22.2) | 33 (82.5) | — | — |
| don´t know | 2 (2.8) | 0 | — | — |
| Positive test | — | — | 72.2 (60.4–95.1) | 80 (64.4–90.9) |
| yes | 52 (72.2) | 0 | — | — |
| no | 7 (9.7) | 32 (80) | — | — |
| don´t know | 13 (18.1) | 8 (20) | — | — |
| Cough | — | — | 66.7 (54.6–77.3) | 67.5 (50.9–81.4) |
| yes | 48 (66.7) | 13 (32.5) | — | — |
| no | 23 (31.9) | 27 (67.5) | — | — |
| don´t know | 1 (1.4) | 0 | — | — |
| Contact COVID-19 | — | — | 34.7 (23.9–46.8) | 80 (64.4–90.9) |
| yes | 25 (34.7) | 2 (5) | — | — |
| no | 32 (44.4) | 32 (80) | — | — |
| Don’t know | 15 (20.8) | 6 (15) | — | — |
| Loss smell/taste | — | — | 18.1 (10–28.9) | 80 (64.4–90.9) |
| yes | 13 (18.1) | 6 (15) | — | — |
| no | 47 (65.3) | 32 (80) | — | — |
| Don’t know | 12 (16.7) | 2 (5) | — | — |
All the answers about living in an area with social distancing/stay-at-home measures were “Yes”, those about injuries were “No”, and those about traveling to a region where COVID-19 was present were “Don't know”.
Sensitivity was calculated here as the proportion of presence of a signal/symptom (answer “Yes”) in the group classified as positive by Ultrasound-guided Minimally Invasive Autopsy. Specificity was calculated as the proportion absence of signal/symptom (answer “No”) in the group classified as negative by Ultrasound-guided Minimally Invasive Autopsy.