Table 3. Environment Impacts of SMW and MSW Managementa.
| impacts/tonne |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| waste type | technology | database/method | GWP | OD | FFD | AP | WD | remarks | ref |
| SMW* | incineration | GaBi | 10.6 | 1.00 × 10–14 | 1.84 × 10–04 | 2.24 × 10–06 | 1.52 × 10–04 | (63) | |
| SMW | incineration | Ecoinvent | 1190.0 | - | - | - | - | 0% ER | (93) |
| SMW | incineration | Ecoinvent | 682.0 | - | - | - | - | 15% ER | (93) |
| SMW | incineration | Ecoinvent | –52.1 | - | - | - | - | 30% ER | (93) |
| SMW (mixed) | steam sterilization and landfilling | Ecoinvent | 461.0 | - | - | - | - | 0% ER | (93) |
| SMW (mixed) | steam sterilization and landfilling | Ecoinvent | 451.0 | - | - | - | - | 10% ER | (93) |
| SMW (mixed) | incineration | spreadsheet | 688.5 | - | - | - | - | ash landfilled | (105) |
| SMW | pyrolysis and sanitary landfill | ReCiPe | 1260.0 | 5.05 × 10–06 | 182.37 | 2.60 | 71.87 | sanitary landfilled | (90) |
| SMW | steam sterilization and incineration | ReCiPe | 3730.0 | 6.87 × 10–06 | 429.75 | 5.22 | 109.30 | ash landfilled | (90) |
| SMW | chemical disinfection and incineration | ReCiPe | 800.7 | 2.21 × 10–06 | 151.30 | 0.95 | 33.31 | ash landfilled | (90) |
| MSW | incineration | SimaPro (Impact 2002+) | –0.648 | –1.87 × 10–09 | - | –0.0037 | - | ash used as a building material | (106) |
| SS | incineration | SimaPro (Impact 2002+) | 0.865 | 4.33 × 10–08 | - | 0.0031 | - | wastewater collected to WWTP | (106) |
| MSW and SS | co-incineration | SimaPro (Impact 2002+) | –1.44 | 8.71 × 10–09 | - | –0.0035 | - | ash landfilled, building materials | (106) |
| MSW | incineration | GaBi (EDIP 97) | 271.0 | - | - | –0.748 | - | ash landfill | (107) |
| MSW | landfill | GaBi (EDIP 97) | 502.0 | - | - | –0.302 | - | ER | (107) |
| MSW (mixed plastic) | gasification-pyrolysis | SimaPro (ecoinvent) | 1870.0 | - | - | 2.43 × 10–05 | - | ER | (108) |
| MSW (mixed plastic) | incineration | SimaPro (ecoinvent) | 0.898 | - | - | –6.57 × 10–04 | - | ER | (108) |
| MSW (mixed paper) | gasification-pyrolysis | SimaPro (ecoinvent) | 1560.0 | - | - | 9.86 × 10–05 | - | ER | (108) |
| MSW (mixed paper) | incineration | SimaPro (ecoinvent) | 1030.0 | - | - | –5.27 × 10–05 | - | ER | (108) |
| MSW | composting and landfilling | SimaPro (ecoinvent) | 376 | - | - | 3.2 | - | no ER | (109) |
| MSW | landfilling | SimaPro (ecoinvent) | 2240.0 | 24.6 | no ER | (109) | |||
| MSW | landfilling | SimaPro (ecoinvent) | 766.9 | 2.78 × 10–06 | - | 1.2 | - | ER | (110) |
| MSW | incineration | SimaPro (ecoinvent) | –121.6 | –2.47 × 10–05 | - | –2.9 | - | ER, ash landfilled | (110) |
| MSW | composting, incineration, landfilling | SimaPro (ecoinvent) | 178.9 | 2.02 × 10–05 | - | –0.2 | - | ER | (110) |
| MSW | composting, recycling, incineration, landfilling | SimaPro (ecoinvent) | –153.1 | 1.93 × 10–05 | - | –1.0 | - | ER | (110) |
| MSW | landfilling 32.7%, incineration 41.2%, recycling 17.5%, composting 8.6% | - | 1076.0 | - | - | - | - | ash landfilled, no ER | (111) |
| MSW | landfilling 54.7%, incineration 40.7%, recycling 3.4%, composting 1.2% | - | 487.9 | - | - | - | - | no ER | (111) |
| MSW | landfilling 7.3%, incineration 57.6%, recycling 31.5%, composting 12.9% | - | 211.3 | - | - | - | - | ER | (111) |
| MSW | AD (food waste, garden waste) recycling and incineration | - | –142.3 | - | - | - | - | ER | (111) |
a
SMW, solid medical waste; MSW, municipal solid waste; SS, sewage sludge. *Syringe; GWP, global warming potential (kg CO2e/tonne); OD, ozone depletion (kg CFC-11); FFD, fossil fuel depletion; AP, acidification potential (kg SO2 e/tonne); WD, water depletion (m3); ER, energy recovery; WWTP, wastewater treatment plant; AD, anaerobic digestion; EDIP, environmental design of industrial products.