Fig. 8. Targeting TGF-β signaling with galunisertib blocks tumor growth in the VMT but not in monolayer or spheroids. (A) Violin plots showing upregulation of genes involved in TGF-β signaling in the SW480-VMT derived fibroblast B population. (B) The TGF-βR1 inhibitor galunisertib dose-dependently inhibits SW480 growth in the VMT. Tumor size in both the VMT and the spheroid was normalized to 1 on day 0, the first day of drug treatment. Data are mean and SD from n = 16. Statistical significance was calculated by unpaired t-test. (C) Galunisertib has no effect on SW480 spheroid growth. (D) XTT assay for SW480 cells grown in monolayer shows no significant difference between control and galunisertib-treated conditions at 48 hours. (E) As for (D) but at 96 hours (48 hours post-treatment).