TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients with and without COVID-19.
| Characteristic | COVID-19 | Non-COVID-19 |
| (n = 79) | (n = 50) | |
| Gender, male, n (%) | 47 (59.5) | 27 (54.0) |
| Age, median [IQR] | 63.0 [56.0–73.0] | 59.5 [50.0–68.0] |
| Age-groups | ||
| <50 | 8 (10.4) | 12 (24.5) |
| 50–59 | 22 (28.6) | 13 (26.5) |
| 60–69 | 20 (26.0) | 14 (28.6) |
| 70–79 | 18 (23.4) | 10 (20.4) |
| ≥80 | 9 (11.7) | 0 (0) |
| Tested on COVID-19 by PCR, n (%) | ||
| Positive result | 77 (100) | 2 (4.0)a |
| Negative result | 0 (0.0) | 31 (62.0) |
| Not tested | 0 (0.0) | 17 (34.0) |
| Length of Stay, median [IQR] | 5.50 [4.00–9.25] | 5.00 [4.00–10.00] |
| No. of nights hospitalized at first night of participation, median [IQR] | 2.0 [1.0–3.0] | 2.0 [1.0–3.0] |
| No. of nights participated in study, n (%) | ||
| 1 night | 79 (100) | 50 (100) |
| ≥2 nights | 55 (69.9) | 37 (74.0) |
| Other patients in the room, median [IQR] | 2 [1–3] | 1 [0.25–2.0] |
| Other patients in the room, n (%) | ||
| 0 | 13 (16.7) | 12 (25.0) |
| 1 | 9 (11.5) | 15 (31.3) |
| 2 | 28 (35.9) | 17 (35.4) |
| 3 | 28 (35.9) | 4 (8.3) |
| Location of patient before inclusion, n (%) | ||
| Home/Nursing Home/Rehabilitation Centre | 51 (64.6) | 38 (76.0) |
| Intensive Care Unit | 8 (10.1) | 3 (6.0) |
| Other ward/hospital (not ED) | 19 (24.1) | 9 (18.0) |
| Missing | 1 (1.3) | 0 |
| History of Insomniab, n (%) | ||
| Absence of insomnia | 52 (68.4) | 35 (74.5) |
| Sub-threshold insomnia | 11 (14.5) | 7 (14.9) |
| Moderate insomnia | 10 (13.2) | 3 (6.4) |
| Severe insomnia | 3 (3.9) | 2 (4.3) |
| Clinical Frailty Scalec, median [IQR] | 3 [2–4] | 3 [2–3] |
| Charlson Comorbidity Indexd, median [IQR] | 3 [1.5–4.0] | 4 [2–6.5] |
| Modified Early Warning Scoree, median [IQR] | 1 [0–1] | 0 [0–1] |
| No. of patients that received oxygen therapy at day 1, n (%) | 58 (73.4) | 12 (24.0) |
| Missing | 2 (2.5) | 1 (2.0) |
| Liters oxygen/minute, median [IQR] | 3.0 [2.0–5.0] | 2.0 [1.3–2.8] |
| Delirium Observation Scalef, median [IQR] | 0 [0.00–1.75] | 0 [0.00–0.00] |
| Missing, n (%) | 71 (89.9) | 49 (98.0) |
COVID, coronavirus disease; IQR, interquartile range; ED, Emergency Department.
aTwo patients had tested positive for COVID-19 in an earlier phase of their admission.
bMeasured by means of the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), resulting in a total score ranging from 0 to 28. Absence of insomnia (0–7), sub-treshold insomnia (8–14), moderate insomnia (15–21) and severe insomnia (22–28).
cThe Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) is used to rate patients’ pre-admission frailty. Scores range from 1 (very fit) to 9 (terminally ill).
dThe Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) results in a total score ranging from 0 to 24. No comorbidity (0), mild comorbidity (1–2), moderate comorbidity (3-4), severe comorbidity (≥5).
eThe Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS) is mainly based on vital parameters (i.e., systolic blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature, AVPU score) and used for identification of patients at risk of deterioration. Each parameter is scored from 0 to 3, resulting in a total score ranging from 0 (best) to 14 (worst).
fThe Delirium Observation Scale (DOS) is designed to identify symptoms of delirium. A total score of 3 or more suggests delirium. DOS scores were subtracted from the electronic health record. Nurses only take DOS scores if suspecting a delirium explaining the large number of missing values.