Table 3:
Main study results, including E values
| Risk difference (95% CI)* | Attributable increase in number of cases (95% CI)† | E value (multiplicative scale) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Main analyses | |||
| PM2·5, μg/m3 | 0·073% (0·071–0·076) | 11 540 (11 087–11 992) | 1·062 |
| NO2, ppb | 0·003% (0·003–0·004) | 1176 (998–1353) | 1·013 |
| O3, ppb | 0·081% (0·080–0·083) | 15 115 (14 896–15 333) | 1·066 |
| Medicaid eligible | |||
| PM2·5, μg/m3 | 0·113% (0·103–0·124) | 2032 (1843–2222) | 1·079 |
| NO2, ppb | 0·012% (0·010–0·014) | 540 (454–627) | 1·024 |
| O3, ppb | 0·117% (0·113–0·120) | 2741 (2653–2828) | 1·080 |
| Not Medicaid eligible | |||
| PM2·5, μg/m3 | 0·067% (0·064–0·070) | 9382 (8975–9789) | 1·060 |
| NO2, ppb | 0·004% (0·004–0·005) | 1332 (1175–1489) | 1·014 |
| O3, ppb | 0·073% (0·072–0·075) | 11 924 (11 724–12 123) | 1·062 |
| Male individuals | |||
| PM2·5, μg/m3 | 0·086% (0·082–0·091) | 6080 (5768–6393) | 1·068 |
| NO2, ppb | 0·003% (0·002–0·004) | 415 (296–534) | 1·011 |
| O3, ppb | 0·083% (0·081–0·085) | 6701 (6553–6850) | 1·067 |
| Female individuals | |||
| PM2·5, μg/m3 | 0·064% (0·060–0·068) | 5544 (5218–5871) | 1·058 |
| NO2, ppb | 0·003% (0·003–0·004) | 669 (538–800) | 1·013 |
| O3, ppb | 0·080% (0·079–0·082) | 8414 (8254–8574) | 1·065 |
| Black individuals | |||
| PM2·5, μg/m3 | 0·058% (0·044–0·073) | 525 (392–658) | 1·055 |
| NO2, ppb | 0·018% (0·016–0·020) | 542 (478–607) | 1·030 |
| O3, ppb | 0·104% (0·100–0·109) | 1766 (1693–1838) | 1·075 |
| White individuals | |||
| PM2·5, μg/m3 | 0·076% (0·073–0·079) | 10 505 (10 069–10 940) | 1·064 |
| NO2, ppb | 0·002% (0·002–0·003) | 747 (580–913) | 1·011 |
| O3, ppb | 0·079% (0·078–0·081) | 12 430 (12 221–12 640) | 1·065 |
| Older than 64 years and younger than 75 years | |||
| PM2·5, μg/m3 | 0·034% (0·032–0·037) | 3608 (3334–3881) | 1·042 |
| NO2, ppb | 0·003% (0·003–0·004) | 647 (555–738) | 1·013 |
| O3, ppb | 0·043% (0·042–0·044) | 4767 (4643–4891) | 1·047 |
| 75 years or older and younger than 85 years | |||
| PM2·5, μg/m3 | 0·106% (0·099–0·113) | 3984 (3722–4247) | 1·076 |
| NO2, ppb | 0·004% (0·003–0·005) | 518 (406–630) | 1·015 |
| O3, ppb | 0·121% (0·119–0·124) | 6369 (6237–6501) | 1·082 |
| 85 years of age and older | |||
| PM2·5, μg/m3 | 0·216% (0·199–0·234) | 3178 (2918–3438) | 1·112 |
| NO2, ppb | 0·005% (0·003–0·008) | 251 (142–360) | 1·016 |
| O3, ppb | 0·234% (0·228–0·240) | 5039 (4911–5168) | 1·117 |
| 1st-quartile median household income | |||
| PM2·5, μg/m3 | 0·185% (0·179–0·191) | 7263 (7018–7508) | 1·103 |
| NO2, ppb | 0·010% (0·009–0·011) | 911 (814–1008) | 1·022 |
| O3, ppb | 0·117% (0·114–0·119) | 5413 (5293–5533) | 1·080 |
| 2nd-quartile median household income | |||
| PM2·5, μg/m3 | 0·041% (0·035–0·046) | 1601 (1376–1825) | 1·046 |
| NO2, ppb | 0·009% (0·007–0·010) | 759 (662–857) | 1·020 |
| O3, ppb | 0·077% (0·074–0·079) | 3573 (3458–3688) | 1·064 |
| 3rd-quartile median household income | |||
| PM2·5, μg/m3 | 0·045% (0·039–0·050) | 1751 (1534–1968) | 1·048 |
| NO2, ppb | 0·001% (0–0·002) | NA‡ | 1·006 |
| O3, ppb | 0·086% (0·083–0·088) | 3984 (3867–4102) | 1·068 |
| 4th-quartile median household income | |||
| PM2·5, μg/m3 | 0·012% (0·006–0·018) | 474 (244–703) | 1·024 |
| NO2, ppb | −0·006% (−0·007 to −0·005) | NA‡ | 1·017 |
| O3, ppb | 0·051% (0·048–0·053) | 2357 (2247–2468) | 1·051 |
| 1st-quartile population density | |||
| PM2·5, μg/m3 | 0·074% (0·068–0·080) | 2898 (2656–3141) | 1·063 |
| NO2, ppb | 0·009% (0·008–0·011) | 827 (704–949) | 1·021 |
| O3, ppb | 0·063% (0·061–0·066) | 2946 (2816–3076) | 1·058 |
| 2nd-quartile population density | |||
| PM2·5, μg/m3 | 0·073% (0·066–0·080) | 2849 (2575–3123) | 1·062 |
| NO2, ppb | 0·012% (0·010–0·013) | 1057 (933–1181) | 1·024 |
| O3, ppb | 0·050% (0·048–0·053) | 2338 (2208–2468) | 1·051 |
| 3rd-quartile population density | |||
| PM2·5, μg/m3 | 0·034% (0·027–0·041) | 1328 (1048–1609) | 1·042 |
| NO2, ppb | 0% (−0·002 to 0·001) | NA‡ | 1·004 |
| O3, ppb | 0·077% (0·075–0·080) | 3597 (3482–3711) | 1·064 |
| 4th-quartile population density | |||
| PM2·5, μg/m3 | 0·050% (0·044–0·057) | 1979 (1712–2246) | 1·051 |
| NO2, ppb | −0·007% (−0·008 to −0·006) | NA‡ | 1·019 |
| O3, ppb | 0·118% (0·115–0·121) | 5491 (5362–5620) | 1·081 |
| 1st-quartile Hispanic percentage | |||
| PM2·5, μg/m3 | 0·066% (0·059–0·073) | 2591 (2310–2872) | 1·059 |
| NO2, ppb | 0·009% (0·007–0·010) | 771 (652–889) | 1·021 |
| O3, ppb | 0·117% (0·114–0·120) | 5419 (5276–5561) | 1·080 |
| 2nd-quartile Hispanic percentage | |||
| PM2·5, μg/m3 | 0·057% (0·050–0·063) | 2224 (1955–2492) | 1·054 |
| NO2, ppb | 0·001% (0–0·002) | NA‡ | 1·007 |
| O3, ppb | 0·087% (0·084–0·090) | 4033 (3895–4172) | 1·068 |
| 3rd-quartile Hispanic percentage | |||
| PM2·5, μg/m3 | 0·062% (0·056–0·069) | 2454 (2209–2699) | 1·057 |
| NO2, ppb | 0·005% (0·004–0·006) | 432 (337–527) | 1·015 |
| O3, ppb | 0·054% (0·051–0·056) | 2495 (2379–2611) | 1·053 |
| 4th-quartile Hispanic percentage | |||
| PM2·5, μg/m3 | 0·075% (0·070–0·080) | 2950 (2739–3160) | 1·063 |
| NO2, ppb | 0·004% (0·003–0·005) | 313 (222–405) | 1·013 |
| O3, ppb | 0·071% (0·069–0·073) | 3280 (3191–3368) | 1·061 |
PM2·5=particulate matter less than 2·5 μg/m³ in diameter. NA=not applicable. NO2=nitrogen dioxide. O3=ozone.
Per one-unit increase in pollutants per year (1 μg/m³ for PM2·5 and 1 ppb for NO2 and O3).
Covariates included other pollutants, warm-season and cold-season temperatures, year, age, race, sex, Medicaid eligibility, region of residence, distance to nearest hospital, percentage of people who had an A1c exam, percentage of people who had an ambulatory-care visit, percentage of people who had a cholesterol exam, percentage of people who had an eye exam, percentage of women who had a mammogram, percentage of the population who are Black, percentage of the population who are Hispanic, population density per square mile, percentage of the population living below the poverty line, percentage of the housing occupied by the owners, median value of housing occupied by the owners, median household income, percentage of the population who did not graduate from high school, mean body-mass index, rate of smoking, and rate of lung cancer.
Negative values on a probability scale are not logical. As such, attributable number of cases were not calculated.