. 2021 Oct 19;16(10):e0258800. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258800

Table 2. Effect of flaxseed (FLX) treatment on some physiological characteristics in control rats (CON), and rats administered concomitantly adenine (A) and /or streptozotocin (STZ).

Parameters/ Treatment	CON	ADE	STZ	ADE+STZ	FLX	ADE+FLX	STZ+FLX	ADE/STZ/FLX
Initial body weight (g)	238.17±18.63	240.33±18.89	241.17±9.01	240.5±19.31	240.67±6.85	241.67±21.37	240.33±8.16	243.5±13.45
Final body weight (g)	304.17±25.79	234.67±18.98^a	195.83±8.28^a	180.67±14.39^a ^b	315.83±9.58	276.83±23.62	256.67±9.17^c	230.5±15.15^a ^d
Change in body weight (%)	27.36±2.58	-2.43±0.49^a	-18.8±1.59^a	-24.87±1.2^a ^b ^c	31.27±2.21	14.68±0.83^a ^b	6.77±0.63^a ^c	-5.59±1.16^a ^c ^d
Relative kidney weight (%)	0.6±0.02	1.24±0.08^a	0.93±0.04^a	1.28±0.07^a ^c	0.59±0.02	0.94±0.04^a ^b	0.88±0.04^a	1.23±0.05^a ^c
Relative liver weight (%)	1.07±0.05	1.15±0.04	1.31±0.09^a	1.42±0.07^a ^b	1.05±0.06	1.06±0.06	1.17±0.07	1.29±0.06^a
Water intake (mL)	25.42±2.08	56.67±1.79^a	171.67±4.59^a	186.67±4.77^a ^b ^c	27.5±2.42	43.75±2.21^a ^b	122.5±6.68^a ^c	134.17±5.69^a ^b ^c ^d
Urine flow (μl/min)	7.7±0.77	25.81±1.01^a	89.81±2.79^a	96.64±4.21^a ^b	8.8±0.98	19.68±1.62^a	62.27±3.62^a ^c	67.25±3.69^a ^b ^c ^d
Food intake (g)	20.53±1.51	17.75±0.89	25.78±0.43	22.35±2.25	28.43±2.1^a	21.52±1.58	36.97±1.69^a ^c	35.1±3.13^a ^b ^c ^d
Fecal output (g)	6.45±0.55	6.0±0.55	11.1±0.45^a	11.05±1.0^a ^b	9.72±0.8^a	7.32±0.5	16.8±1.39^a ^c	14.6±1.43^a ^b ^c ^d

Values in the table are means ± SEM (n = 6).

Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg) and chronic kidney disease by adenine (150 mg/kg/day) by oral gavage and flaxseed (15% w//w) was given throughout the experiment by oral gavage.

Differences between the groups were assessed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test, where P < 0.05.

^adenotes significance of different groups vs. control group.

^bdenotes significance of different adenine treated groups vs. adenine alone group.

^cdenotes significance of different streptozotocin groups vs. streptozotocin alone group.

^ddenotes significance of the adenine + streptozotocin + flaxseed treated group vs. adenine + streptozotocin group.