. 2021 Oct 19;16(10):e0258800. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258800

Table 3. Effect of flaxseed (FLX) treatment on some plasma parameters in control rats (CON), and rats administered concomitantly adenine (A) and /or streptozotocin (STZ).

Parameters/ Treatment	CON	ADE	STZ	ADE+STZ	FLX	ADE+FLX	STZ+FLX	ADE/STZ/FLX
Glucose (mmol/L)	6.21±0.37	4.29±0.39	23.28±1.16^a	20.19±1.00^a ^b ^c	5.64±0.31	4.82±0.36	15.55±1.06^a ^c	14.29±0.44^a ^b ^c ^d
Creatinine (μmol/L)	17.45±1.04	57.82±3.84^a	31.30±2.23^a	65.42±4.23^a ^b ^c	16.73±0.85	36.83±2.78^a ^b	25.12±1.43^a	48.38±2.38^a ^b ^c ^d
Urea (mmol/L)	3.73±0.25	16.41±0.99^a	6.98±0.55^a	19.28±0.89^a ^b ^c	3.68±0.24	9.57±0.38^a ^b	5.13±0.35	14.57±1.09^a ^c ^d
Uric acid (μmol/L)	29.03±1.98	71.38±4.93^a	57.47±4.55^a	93.22±7.47^a ^b ^c	26.48±2.60	44.78±3.19^a ^b	42.43±3.52^a ^c	79.87±6.15^a ^c ^d
Calcium (mmol/L)	0.69±0.05	0.37±0.02^a	0.63±0.04	0.35±0.04^a ^c	0.72±0.04	0.49±0.02^a ^b	0.70±0.03	0.47±0.02^a ^b ^c ^d
Phosphorus (mmol/L)	0.79±0.04	1.25±0.07^a	1.01±0.06^a	1.48±0.08^a ^b ^c	0.83±0.03	1.00±0.09^a ^b	0.89±0.05	1.26±0.07^a ^c ^d

Values in the table are means ± SEM (n = 6).

Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg) and chronic kidney disease by adenine (150 mg/kg/day) by oral gavage and flaxseed (15% w//w) was given throughout the experiment by oral gavage.

Differences between the groups were assessed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test, where P < 0.05.

^adenotes significance of different groups vs. control group.

^bdenotes significance of different adenine treated groups vs. adenine alone group.

^cdenotes significance of different streptozotocin groups vs. streptozotocin alone group.

^ddenotes significance of the adenine + streptozotocin + flaxseed treated group vs. adenine + streptozotocin group.