Table 5. Effect of flaxseed (FLX) treatment on indoxyl sulfate, cystatin C, renalase and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in control (CON) rats, and rats administered concomitantly adenine (A) and /or streptozotocin (STZ).
| Parameters/ Treatment | CON | ADE | STZ | ADE+STZ | FLX | ADE+FLX | STZ+FLX | ADE/STZ/FLX |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indoxyl sulfate (μg/mL) | 3.07±0.20 | 28.28±1.06a | 15.54±1.11a | 34.83±2.51abc | 3.72±0.34 | 16.35±0.91ab | 10.81±0.90ac | 25.09±2.07acd |
| Cystatin C (ng/mL) | 12.32±0.60 | 29.94±2.35a | 20.32±0.84a | 22.66±2.66ab | 9.41±1.42 | 14.81±2.25b | 11.38±1.30c | 15.02±1.75bcd |
| Renalase (μg/mL) | 9.62±0.52 | 4.22±0.25a | 3.55±0.26a | 2.86±0.23ab | 9.96±0.66 | 6.08±0.39ab | 4.97±0.36ac | 3.91±0.19a |
| NGAL (ng/mL) | 24.04±1.82 | 69.71±1.46a | 45.41±1.99a | 68.94±1.27ac | 21.31±1.68 | 42.16±6.51ab | 26.74±1.72c | 43.21±5.08abd |
| AGEs | 0.15±0.01 | 0.35±0.02a | 0.31±0.02a | 0.40±0.03ac | 0.12±0.01 | 0.21±0.02ab | 0.23±0.02ac | 0.26±0.02ab |
Values in the table are means ± SEM (n = 6).
Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg) and chronic kidney disease by adenine (150 mg/kg/day) by oral gavage and flaxseed (15% w//w) was given throughout the experiment by oral gavage. NAGL: neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; AGEs: advanced glycation end products.
Differences between the groups were assessed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test, where P < 0.05.
adenotes significance of different groups vs. control group.
bdenotes significance of different adenine treated groups vs. adenine alone group.
cdenotes significance of different streptozotocin groups vs. streptozotocin alone group.
ddenotes significance of the adenine + streptozotocin + flaxseed treated group vs. adenine + streptozotocin group.