Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Sep 14.
Published in final edited form as: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021 Sep 14;78(11):1166–1187. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.07.014

Figure 3: Contribution of cardiovascular maladaptations to exercise intolerance in HFpEF.

Figure 3:

Patients with HFpEF have impairment in stroke volume reserve and chronotropic reserve, and increased afterload, all of which contribute to reduced forward flow. This “central limitation’ coupled with impairment peripheral vasodilation and reduced oxygen extraction contributes to lower peak exercise oxygen uptake.