Figure 9.

Mechanisms governing autophagy during different conditions related to PCOS. In PCOS, autophagy is depicted in response to different conditions such as (A) Nutrient deprivation: In ovaries, phosphorylation of AMPK induces deacetylation of LC3 via SIRT1 activation. Activated LC3 binds with TP53INP2, which promotes its translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it can bind with ATG7 and initiates autophagosome formation. (B) Inflammation: Autophagy activation is accompanied by inflammation in PCOS via an increase in HMGB1, which stimulates autophagy in granulosa cells and causes its death. Whereas, an enhanced level of IGF1 is involved in governing autophagy via the PI3K-AKT-FOXO1-MTOR pathway. (C) Endometrial hyperplasia: Defaulted autophagy triggers hyperplasia in the endometrium in PCOS, which is reduced by induction of autophagy and autophagy induced apoptosis