Table 3.
Estimates of determinants of the economic response to households during Covid-19 pandemic. Poisson with fixed effects.
| Waves |
GDP per capita |
Service dependence |
Tourism intensity |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(6) |
(7) |
(8) |
(9) |
|
| Base | Wave 1 | After Wave 1 | Rich | Poor | High | Low | High | Low | |
| Log (new deaths) | 0.092*** | 0.213*** | 0.001 | 0.070*** | 0.114*** | 0.098*** | 0.079*** | 0.031* | 0.142*** |
| (0.015) | (0.034) | (0.016) | (0.015) | (0.028) | (0.023) | (0.024) | (0.017) | (0.021) | |
| School closure | 0.109** | −0.018 | 0.012 | 0.131** | 0.082 | 0.114* | 0.136 | 0.071 | 0.178** |
| (0.052) | (0.089) | (0.037) | (0.062) | (0.075) | (0.059) | (0.086) | (0.070) | (0.074) | |
| Work-place closure | 0.054 | −0.084 | −0.002 | 0.011 | 0.118 | −0.063 | 0.153* | 0.044 | 0.063 |
| (0.050) | (0.072) | (0.036) | (0.060) | (0.095) | (0.059) | (0.079) | (0.061) | (0.071) | |
| Cancel public events | 0.414*** | 0.965*** | 0.064* | 0.415*** | 0.408*** | 0.432*** | 0.400*** | 0.426*** | 0.316*** |
| (0.077) | (0.211) | (0.037) | (0.093) | (0.121) | (0.095) | (0.117) | (0.091) | (0.122) | |
| Restrictions on gatherings | 0.036 | −0.016 | 0.084 | 0.078 | −0.019 | 0.072 | 0.003 | 0.021 | 0.104 |
| (0.056) | (0.089) | (0.057) | (0.081) | (0.086) | (0.084) | (0.082) | (0.083) | (0.074) | |
| Close public transport | 0.318*** | 0.315*** | 0.157*** | 0.149 | 0.410*** | 0.156 | 0.413*** | 0.260*** | 0.298*** |
| (0.071) | (0.122) | (0.059) | (0.119) | (0.086) | (0.148) | (0.078) | (0.097) | (0.093) | |
| Stay-at-home requirements | 0.229** | 0.481*** | −0.298* | 0.232** | 0.229* | −0.024 | 0.315*** | 0.169* | 0.260** |
| (0.097) | (0.108) | (0.168) | (0.117) | (0.130) | (0.126) | (0.120) | (0.100) | (0.109) | |
| Restrictions on international movements | 0.116** | 0.112 | −0.006 | 0.101 | 0.179** | 0.130* | 0.127* | 0.082 | 0.153** |
| (0.051) | (0.0992) | (0.038) | (0.069) | (0.075) | (0.069) | (0.074) | (0.061) | (0.064) | |
| International travel controls | 0.219*** | 0.281*** | −0.055 | 0.298*** | 0.133 | 0.334*** | 0.153 | 0.195 | 0.253*** |
| (0.073) | (0.102) | (0.089) | (0.080) | (0.113) | (0.088) | (0.105) | (0.125) | (0.081) | |
| Log (average mobility) | 0.248*** | 0.232** | 0.102* | 0.195** | 0.262*** | 0.180** | 0.334*** | 0.108 | 0.329*** |
| (0.069) | (0.108) | (0.061) | (0.096) | (0.101) | (0.081) | (0.097) | (0.103) | (0.103) | |
| Wave 1 | −0.489*** | −0.474*** | −0.506*** | −0.447*** | −0.560*** | −0.496*** | −0.554*** | ||
| (0.055) | (0.071) | (0.097) | (0.071) | (0.083) | (0.070) | (0.080) | |||
| Pseudo-R2 | 0.1938 | 0.3078 | 0.0923 | 0.1746 | 0.2056 | 0.1850 | 0.2029 | 0.1397 | 0.2500 |
| Observations | 20,616 | 10,811 | 9,680 | 10,542 | 10,074 | 10,198 | 10,418 | 10,467 | 10,149 |
| Number of countries | 59 | 56 | 57 | 30 | 29 | 29 | 30 | 30 | 29 |
Note: Standard errors in parenthesis. Stars correspond to * significant at 10%, ** significant at 5%, while *** significant at 1%.Source: Own elaboration from OxCGRT, World Bank, World Tourism Organization and Apple mobility data.