Table 3.

Studies on short-acting GLP-1RA

Study	Population	Comparison group	Key finding
Fonseca et al.68	361 Adults not on glucose-lowering agents; mean age (53.7 yr), mean BMI (31.9 kg/m2), mean duration since diagnosis (1.3 yr), race (263 white, 80 Asians, 6 black, 12 other), sex (186 male, 175 female)	Lixisenatide two-step dose (10 mg for the first week, 15 mg for the second week, 20 mg for remaining weeks) vs. 1-step (10 mg for the first 2 weeks, 20 mg for remaining weeks) vs. two placebo arms (same does categories as lixisenatide)	Patients administered lixisenatide achieved a HbA1c < 7.0% and ≤ 6.5% significantly more than the placebo group (26.8% and 12.5%, respectively; P < 0.01).
Kendall et al.70	733 Adults unable to achieve glycemic control; mean age (55.3 yr), mean BMI (33.7 kg/m2), mean duration since diagnosis (8.9 yr), race (498 white, 83 black, 18 Asians, 3 Native American, 118 Hispanic, 13 other), sex (426 male and 307 female)	Arm A (5 µg) vs. Arm B (5 µg for the first 4 weeks, then 10 µg for the remaining weeks) vs. placebo	Arm A and Arm B exenatide treatment arms were more likely to achieve HbA1c ≤ 7% (34 [10 µg], 27 [5 µg], and 9% [placebo]; P < 0.0001) compared with placebo.

GLP-1RA, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists; BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin.