Fig. 2.

Plasma pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels and monocyte dysregulation are associated in COVID-19 patients with pulmonary involvement, disease severity and mortality. (a) Spearman correlation of plasma levels of IL-6 or mHLA-DR and PaO2/FiO2 ratios on admission in COVID-19 individuals. The black full line and the grey full line represent the best fit linear relationship of data collected during Wave 1 and Wave 2, respectively. The black dotted lines represent the IC95. Evolution of plasma (b) pro-inflammatory cytokine levels or (c) immunosuppression markers over time during ICU hospitalization measured at baseline (D0-3), on D7-10 and until discharge of the patient for recovery (Endpoint) in alive (blue diamond) and deceased patients (red diamond). Grey diamonds represent patients deceased before D7 (n = 4). Grey dotted lines represent means of cytokines in IDU patients at baseline. Each value represents the mean ± SD. Only statistically significant results were indicated (^¤p < 0.05, ^¤¤p < 0.01, versus baseline, Wilcoxon matched pairs test, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, alive patients vs deceased patients, Mann–Whitney U test). Number of cases for each time point, S: Survivors, NS: Non- survivors. Time D0-3 70(S), 21(NS); D7-10 23(S), 17(NS); Endpoint 18(S). PaO2: Patient's oxygen in arterial blood; FiO2: Fraction of the oxygen in the inspired air.