Table 1.
Descriptive statistics on the survey respondents included in the study, WHO STEPwise approach to Surveillance, and attendant surveys (2006–18)15
| Oceania | Andean Latin America | Central Latin America | Southern Latin America | Caribbean | Central Europe | Eastern Europe | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||||||
| Total | 3127 | 341 | 3075 | 538 | 493 | 256 | 586 |
| Females | 1706 (54·6%) | 194 (56·9%) | 1986 (64·6%) | 317 (58·9%) | 358 (72·6%) | 107 (41·8%) | 380 (64·8%) |
| Males | 1421 (45·4%) | 147 (43·1%) | 1089 (35·4%) | 221 (41·1%) | 135 (27·4%) | 149 (58·2%) | 206 (35·2%) |
| Age (years) | 48·0 (38·0–56·0) | 52·0 (43·0–60·0) | 57·0 (47·0–67·0) | 61·0 (51·3–70·0) | 55·0 (46·0–65·0) | 63·0 (53·0–70·0) | 58·0 (51·0–64·0) |
| Clinical measurements | |||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29·34 (25·4–34·2) | 28·9 (25·3–32·5) | 29·4 (26·2–33·3) | 29·8 (26·3–34·1) | 29·3 (25·8–33·5) | 30·8 (28·0–34·6) | 31·2 (27·0–35·5) |
| Currently smokes tobacco | 785 (25·1%) | 44 (12·9%) | 314 (10·2%) | 117 (21·7%) | 23 (4·7%) | 47 (18·4%) | 85 (14·5%) |
| History of heart attack | 282 (9·0%) | 38 (11·1%) | 218 (7·1%) | 68 (12·6%) | 58 (11·8%) | 13 (5·1%) | 147 (25·1%) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 131·0 (119·0–146·3) | 125·3 (116·0–137·0) | 132·0 (119·0–151·0) | 137·5 (125·5–154·5) | 134·0 (119·0–150·0) | 138·0 (125·4–151·0) | 150·7 (134·3–170·3) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 81·5 (73·0–89·7) | 77·7 (71·3–84·3) | 79·0 (70·0–88·0) | 78·0 (70·5–87·5) | 80·0 (71·5–87·0) | 80·5 (74·5–87·5) | 91·3 (82·1–99·0) |
| Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) | 8·6 (7·5–11·8) | 8·1 (7·1–11·5) | 8·1 (6·6–11·9) | 7·9 (7·2–10·9) | 8·6 (7·1–11·9) | 7·8 (7·1–9·3) | 7·7 (7·0–9·8) |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 57·4 (48·6–74·9) | 53·2 (48·6–72·7) | 61·8 (48·6–82·5) | 57·4 (48·6–75·8) | 58·5 (48·6–78·1) | 48·1 (38·8–59·6) | 58·5 (48·6–76·0) |
| HbA1c (%) | 7·4 (6·6–9·0) | 7·0 (6·6–8·8) | 7·8 (6·6–9·7) | 7·4 (6·6–9·1) | 7·5 (6·6–9·3) | 6·6 (5·7–7·6) | 7·5 (6·6–9·1) |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4·6 (3·9–5·4) | 4·9 (4·1–5·8) | 4·9 (4·2–5·6) | 5·0 (4·2–5·8) | 4·8 (4·0–5·7) | 5·0 (4·2–5·8) | 5·0 (4·3–5·8) |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 177·5 (151·6–206·9) | 190·0 (157·0–226·0) | 189·0 (163·0–215·0) | 193·1 (164·0–222·8) | 186·0 (154·0–220·0) | 193·5 (161·8–225·1) | 193·34 (166·0–224·3) |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1·0 (0·8–1·3) | 1·0 (0·8–1·3) | 1·0 (0·9–1·2) | 1·1 (0·9–1·3) | 1·2 (0·9–1·5) | 1·2 (1·0–1·4) | 1·3 (1·0–1·6) |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 39·1 (29·8–50·7) | 39·1 (32·0–49·9) | 40·0 (34·0–47·0) | 41·0 (35·0–50·0) | 46·4 (36·4–58·8) | 47·0 (38·0–55·3) | 48·3 (39·1–61·4) |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2·6 (2·1–3·3) | 2·9 (2·1–3·7) | 2·8 (2·2–3·4) | 2·9 (2·3–3·6) | 2·8 (2·1–3·6) | 3·0 (2·3–3·7) | 2·8 (2·2–3·5) |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 101·2 (80·0–127·3) | 111·6 (81·6–141·6) | 107·4 (85·2–130·5) | 113·8 (90·7–140·1) | 108·5 (82·2–137·2) | 116·1 (88·0–142·5) | 109·5 (84·9–135·0) |
| Diabetes cascade | |||||||
| Clinical diabetes | 3127 (100%) | 341 (100%) | 3075 (100%) | 538 (100%) | 493 (100%) | 256 (100%) | 586 (100%) |
| Diabetes diagnosis rate | 1012 (32·4%) | 161 (47·2%) | 2108 (68·6%) | 331 (61·5%) | 349 (70·8%) | 198 (77·3%) | 356 (60·8%) |
| On treatment for diabetes | 501 (16·0%) | 144 (42·2%) | 1741 (56·6%) | 244 (45·4%) | 299 (60·6%) | 37 (14·5%) | 296 (50·5%) |
| Diabetes treatment rate* | 49·5% | 89·4% | 82·6% | 73·7% | 85·7% | 18·7% | 83·1% |
| Current insulin use | 402 (12·9%) | 37 (10·9%) | 1071 (34·8%) | 46 (8·6%) | 49 (9·9%) | 12 (4·7%) | 94 (16·0%) |
| HbA1c ≤7% or fasting blood glucose <7 mmol/L | 1284 (41·1%) | 198 (58·1%) | 1612 (52·4%) | 272 (50·6%) | 241 (48·9%) | 162 (63·3%) | 293 (50·0%) |
| Diabetes control rate† | 31·5% | 58·3% | 55·8% | 55·3% | 53·2% | 97·3% | 58·8% |
| Hypertension cascade | |||||||
| Hypertension | 1364 (43·6%) | 126 (37·0%) | 1870 (60·8%) | 335 (62·3%) | 298 (60·4%) | 162 (63·3%) | 471 (80·4%) |
| Previous diagnosis of hypertension‡ | 675 (49·5%) | 121 (96·0%) | 1440 (77·0%) | 316 (94·3%) | 262 (87·9%) | 162 (100%) | 389 (82·6%) |
| Medication for raised blood pressure | 332 (10·6%) | 71 (20·8%) | 1212 (39·4%) | 166 (30·9%) | 186 (37·7%) | 0 | 298 (50·9%) |
| Hypertension treatment rate* | 49·2% | 58·7% | 84·2% | 52·5% | 71·0% | 0% | 76·6% |
| SBP <130 mm Hg and DBP <80 mm Hg | 1065 (34·1%) | 160 (46·9%) | 1022 (33·2%) | 152 (28·3%) | 164 (33·3%) | 67 (26·2%) | 54 (9·2%) |
| Hypertension control rate† | 17·2% | 32·4% | 26·2% | 21·1% | 23·7% | 0% | 2·7% |
| Statin cascade | |||||||
| Statin treatment indicated as aged >40 years or 10-year cardiovascular event risk >20% | 2182 (69·8%) | 278 (81·5%) | 2687 (87·4%) | 496 (92·2%) | 423 (85·8%) | 228 (89·1%) | 520 (88·7%) |
| Current statin use | 101 (3·2%) | 24 (7·0%) | 359 (11·7%) | 64 (11·9%) | 34 (6·9%) | 13 (5·1%) | 63 (10·8%) |
| Statin treatment rate* | 4·6% | 8·6% | 13·4% | 12·9% | 8·0% | 5·7% | 12·1% |
Data are n, n (%), n/N (%), or median (IQR). We included the subset of people with diabetes mellitus (defined as fasting blood glucose >7 mmol/L, or non-fasting blood glucose >11·1 mmol/L, HbA1c ≥6·5% [48 mmol/mol] or taking a glycaemic control medicine including insulin) across 67 countries spanning 15 world regions. For data related to blood pressure, glycaemia, and statin medicine cascades, participants had to fulfil criteria for the preceding step to be included in the denominator for the next step (eg, a person had to be diagnosed to be in the denominator of the percentage treated, or had to be treated to be in the denominator of the percentage controlled). Hypertension was defined by self-reported diagnosis of hypertension (SBP ≥140 mm Hg or DBP ≥90 mm Hg) on hypertensive treatment. BMI=body-mass index. DBP=diastolic blood pressure. HbA1c=glycated haemoglobin A1c. SBP=systolic blood pressure.
For diabetes and hypertension, calculated as those diagnosed and treated, divided by those diagnosed; for statins, calculated as those indicated for treatment and treated, divided by those indicated for treatment.
Calculated as those who have their condition controlled divided by the sum of those diagnosed and treated.
Percentage of those with hypertension.