Table 2.

Choline treatment effects on regional sizes

	Choline (n = 24)a		Placebo (n = 22)a		Comparison by group of TIV-normalizedb sizes (N = 46)a				Associations of TIV-normalizedb sizes with choline dosec (N = 50)
Region	Mean	95%CI	Mean	95%CI
	Regional Volume (mm3)				t	p	F	p	r	p	β	p
Left cerebellum	11059	10451–11667	11107	10325–11890	−0.90	0.37	-	-	0.16	0.27	-	-
Right cerebellum	10927	10356–11497	11145	10409–11881	−0.32	0.75	-	-	0.11	0.46	-	-
Left thalamus	4650	4406–4894	4500	4311–4691	−2.63	0.01	6.94	0.01	0.38	0.007	0.38	0.007
Right thalamus	4541	4318–4764	4439	4199–4679	−2.05	0.05	4.22	0.05	0.33	0.02	0.33	0.02
Left caudate d,e	1584	1501–1667	1444	1338–1549	−2.90	0.006	4.15	0.05	0.39	0.006	0.32	0.03
Right caudate e,f	1551	1437–1664	1385	1295–1476	−3.03	0.004	4.06	0.05	0.39	0.005	0.34	0.02
Left putamen	1957	1825–2090	1901	1804–1999	−1.38	0.17	-	-	0.20	0.16	-	-
Right putamen d	2006	1887–2125	1890	1790–1990	−2.19	0.03	4.47	0.04	0.30	0.03	0.28	0.04
Left hippocampus	1343	1261–1425	1319	1236–1401	−1.05	0.30	-	-	0.14	0.33	-	-
Right hippocampus	1309	1230–1387	1280	1203–1357	−1.18	0.24	-	-	0.16	0.26	-	-
Vermis	2373	2180–2566	2397	2170–2624	−0.36	0.73	-	-	0.08	0.56	-	-
	Regional Area (mm2)
Corpus callosum d	110	103–117	99	94–104	−2.56	0.01	6.64	0.01	0.35	0.01	0.32	0.01

BOLD denotes significance at p ≤ 0.05.

^aGroup means and group comparisons exclude infants (3 choline treated, 1 placebo) whose mothers had treatment adherence < 20%

^bRegional sizes were normalized relative to total intracranial volume (TIV) (i.e., regional size/TIV)

^cIn choline-treated infants, treatment adherence was used as a proxy for choline dose; in the placebo group, choline dose = 0

t unpaired student’s t test; F ANCOVA controlling for potential confounders

r Pearson correlation coefficient; β Standardised regression coefficient after adjustment for potential confounders

^dConfounders: GA at scan;

^eInfant sex;

^fMarijuana