Table 2.
Mean differences and effect size with significance for time x treatment differences of each item.
| Mean difference | I | II | III | IV | V | Cohen's d† | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (T2–T1) | ||||||||||||||
| TG | CG | F | p | F | p | F | p | F | p | F | p | |||
| ADOS 2 (module 4) | Communication | −0.4 | −0.3 | 0.05 | 0.820 | 0.10 | 0.758 | 0.09 | 0.761 | 0.05 | 0.820 | 0.02 | 0.899 | 0.06 |
| Social interaction | −0.1 | −0.2 | 0.06 | 0.802 | 0.04 | 0.835 | 0.04 | 0.838 | 1.82 | 0.188 | 1.26 | 0.272 | −0.06 | |
| Stereotyped behaviors and restricted interests | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 1.000 | 0.00 | 0.977 | 0.00 | 0.978 | 0.25 | 0.622 | 0.10 | 0.751 | 0.00 | |
| Imagination | −0.3 | −0.1 | 0.46 | 0.501 | 0.51 | 0.482 | 0.50 | 0.483 | 0.65 | 0.427 | 1.44 | 0.241 | 0.20 | |
| ADOS 2 (calibrated severity scores) | Social affect | −0.2 | −1.0 | 1.22 | 0.277 | 1.15 | 0.290 | 1.10 | 0.302 | 3.71 | 0.064 | 2.89 | 0.101 | −0.26 |
| RRB | −0.4 | −0.2 | 0.45 | 0.509 | 0.52 | 0.477 | 0.54 | 0.469 | 0.67 | 0.421 | 2.00 | 0.169 | 0.16 | |
| Total | −0.6 | −1.3 | 0.64 | 0.429 | 0.51 | 0.482 | 0.49 | 0.489 | 2.37 | 0.135 | 1.23 | 0.278 | −0.19 | |
| Comparison Score | −0.4 | −0.8 | 1.02 | 0.320 | 0.99 | 0.327 | 0.95 | 0.338 | 2.45 | 0.129 | 2.13 | 0.157 | −0.24 | |
| Social skills measures | TYASSK | 5.4 | 0.8 | 10.63 | 0.003** | 10.27 | 0.003** | 9.95 | 0.004** | 6.32 | 0.018* | 4.80 | 0.038* | 1.38 |
| SCQ, current | −1.9 | 0.9 | 1.57 | 0.219 | 1.73 | 0.199 | 1.70 | 0.203 | 0.77 | 0.388 | 1.24 | 0.277 | 0.55 | |
| SSRS by young adults | 6.6 | −2.4 | 3.01 | 0.092 | 2.87 | 0.100 | 2.78 | 0.106 | 1.50 | 0.231 | 2.56 | 0.122 | 0.38 | |
| SRS-2 by young adults | −3.8 | −7.4 | 0.29 | 0.596 | 0.34 | 0.565 | 0.33 | 0.570 | 0.10 | 0.750 | 0.00 | 0.971 | −0.17 | |
| SSRS by parents | 2.1 | 2.9 | 0.01 | 0.910 | 0.01 | 0.926 | 0.01 | 0.923 | 0.66 | 0.424 | 0.34 | 0.564 | −0.03 | |
| SRS-2 by parents | 2.9 | −4.8 | 0.99 | 0.327 | 0.97 | 0.332 | 0.93 | 0.341 | 0.06 | 0.802 | 0.03 | 0.864 | −0.32 | |
| QSQ by young adults | Hosted get together | 0.8 | −0.2 | 0.77 | 0.388 | 0.82 | 0.372 | 0.78 | 0.383 | 0.95 | 0.340 | 1.34 | 0.259 | 0.42 |
| Hosted date | −0.4 | 0.5 | 2.12 | 0.156 | 2.45 | 0.129 | 2.35 | 0.137 | 0.81 | 0.377 | 1.30 | 0.267 | −0.98 | |
| Invited get together | 0.6 | −0.5 | 1.86 | 0.185 | 1.49 | 0.234 | 1.64 | 0.213 | 0.53 | 0.477 | 0.45 | 0.509 | 0.68 | |
| Invited date | −0.4 | 0.0 | 0.96 | 0.335 | 0.90 | 0.352 | 0.81 | 0.377 | 0.40 | 0.532 | 0.71 | 0.412 | −0.42 | |
| QSQ by parents | Hosted get together | 1.2 | −0.1 | 1.78 | 0.191 | 1.91 | 0.176 | 1.91 | 0.177 | 0.75 | 0.394 | 1.25 | 0.274 | 0.54 |
| Hosted date | −0.1 | 0.7 | 1.68 | 0.204 | 1.75 | 0.195 | 1.84 | 0.184 | 1.16 | 0.291 | 0.63 | 0.433 | −0.72 | |
| Invited get together | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.78 | 0.385 | 0.73 | 0.400 | 0.65 | 0.426 | 0.25 | 0.622 | 0.42 | 0.526 | 0.29 | |
| Invited date | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.05 | 0.830 | 0.09 | 0.763 | 0.08 | 0.774 | 0.00 | 0.978 | 0.03 | 0.856 | −0.12 | |
| K-VABS | Communication | 2.4 | 1.8 | 0.01 | 0.919 | 0.03 | 0.866 | 0.05 | 0.824 | 0.15 | 0.706 | 0.01 | 0.941 | −0.04 |
| Daily living skills | 1.4 | −3.3 | 0.72 | 0.403 | 0.96 | 0.336 | 0.93 | 0.343 | 0.11 | 0.741 | 0.64 | 0.434 | −0.25 | |
| Socialization | 2.1 | 0.1 | 0.23 | 0.637 | 0.38 | 0.541 | 0.30 | 0.587 | 0.41 | 0.530 | 0.22 | 0.648 | −0.14 | |
| Depressive and anxiety measures | STAI-S | −0.4 | −0.3 | 0.00 | 0.981 | 0.01 | 0.933 | 0.01 | 0.919 | 0.02 | 0.903 | 0.02 | 0.902 | 0.01 |
| STAI-T | −2.7 | −0.8 | 0.60 | 0.445 | 0.63 | 0.434 | 0.68 | 0.416 | 0.26 | 0.611 | 0.22 | 0.640 | 0.20 | |
| BAI | −2.1 | 1.1 | 0.84 | 0.368 | 0.87 | 0.358 | 0.85 | 0.363 | 0.64 | 0.430 | 0.85 | 0.366 | 0.27 | |
| BDI | −3.9 | 0.8 | 1.74 | 0.197 | 1.69 | 0.204 | 1.66 | 0.209 | 1.64 | 0.212 | 1.86 | 0.186 | 0.40 | |
p <0.05,
p <0.01.
Effect sizes were calculated for model I.
Model I no covariates.
Model II controlled for age.
Model III controlled for the variables included in model II and added FSIQ.
Model IV controlled for the variables included in model III and added medication.
Model V controlled for the variables included in model IV and added homework completion.
ADOS, Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule; BAI, Beck Anxiety Inventory; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; FSIQ, Full Scale Intelligence Quotient; K-VABS, Korean version of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale; RRB, Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors; SCQ, Social Communication Questionnaire; SRS-2, Social Responsiveness Scale-2; SSRS, Social Skills Rating System; STAI-S and STAI-T, State and Trait Anxiety Inventory; TYASSK, Test of Young Adult Social Skills Knowledge; QSQ, Quality of Socialization Questionnaire; VCI, Verbal Comprehension Index.