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. 2021 Oct 19;11:20659. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-00096-x

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© The Author(s) 2021, corrected publication 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of NK210 and NK219 on ampicillin-induced gut dysbiosis and inflammation in mice. (A) Effects on colitis: colon length (a), myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity (b), IFN-γ (c), TNF-α (d), IL-10 expression (e), IFN-γ to IL-10 expression ratio (f), TNF-α to IL-10 expression ratio (g), and NF-κB⁺/CD11c⁺ cell population in the colon (h). (B) Effects on the gut microbiota composition: (a) α-diversity (OUT richness, a), (b) β-diversity (PCoA plot based on Jensen-Shannon analysis), and (c) gut microbiota composition at the phylum level. The correlation between gut microbiota and IFN-γ to IL-10 or Tbet to Foxp3 expression ratio at the phylum (C) and family levels (D). Test agents (AP, ampicillin alone; LR, 1 × 10⁹ CFU/mouse/day of NK210; BL, 1 × 10⁹ CFU/mouse/day of NK219; Mx, 1 × 10⁹ CFU/mouse/day of LR and BL [4:1] mix) were orally gavaged daily for 5 days after oral gavage of ampicillin. Normal control mice (NC) were treated with vehicle (saline) instead of test agents. Data values indicate mean ± SD (n = 8). ^#p < 0.05 versus NC group. *p < 0.05 versus AP group treated with ampicillin alone.