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. 2021 Oct 19;11:20672. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-99924-3

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Representative histological analysis of non-invasive lesions of the mucosa. Haematoxylin–eosin staining of the oral mucosa of mice with different changes, summarized as non-invasive lesions [(A, B): hyperkeratosis with mild dysplastic changes; (C, D): hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis with mild to moderate dysplastic changes; (E, F): mild to moderate dysplastic changes; (G, H): papilloma without dysplasia; (I, J): papilloma with moderate dysplastic changes; (A, B): ultraviolet (UV) 8 s + dibenzo(a)pyrene (DBP) high dose; (C, D): UV 48 s + DBP high dose; (E, F): untreated + DBP high dose; (G, H): UV 8 s + DBP low dose; (I, J): kINPen 10 s + DBP low dose].