TABLE 4.
Bacterial biofilm in presence of catecholamines.
| Bacterial species | Catecholamines (dose) | Effects on biofilms | Antagonists | References |
| Aeromonas hydrophila | Epi (100 μM) NE (100 μM) Dopamine (100 μM) |
Increase (Crystal violet staining) |
n. | Dong et al., 2016 |
| Cutibacterium acnes | Epi (1 μM) NE (1 μM) |
Increase (Crystal violet staining and CLSM analyses) | n. | Borrel et al., 2019 |
| Cutibacterium acnes VP1 | NE (400 μM) | Dispersion (Quantification of bacteria released from biofilm) | n. | Lanter and Davies, 2015 |
| Enterococcus faecalis | Epi (1–100 μM) NE (1–100 μM) |
Increase (Crystal violet staining and CLSM analyses) | n. | Cambronel et al., 2020 |
| Escherichia coli K12-MC1000 | Epi (50 μM) NE (50 μM) |
Biofilm increase (Crystal violet staining, CLSM and SEM analyses) | n. | Yang K. et al., 2014 |
| Escherichia coli O157:H7 | Epi (50 μM) NE (50 μM) |
Biofilm increase (Crystal violet staining, microarray) | n. | Bansal et al., 2007 |
| Mannheimia haemolytica | Epi (50 μM) NE (50 μM) |
Dispersion (Crystal violet staining, CLSM and SEM analyses) | n. | Pillai et al., 2018 |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa H103 | Epi (1–10 μM) | Increase (CLSM analyses) | n. | Cambronel et al., 2019 |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 | NE (400 μM) | Dispersion (Quantification of bacteria released from biofilm) | n. | Lanter et al., 2014 |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 | Epi (5 μM) NE (5 μM) Dopamine (5 μM) |
Increase (Crystal violet staining, SEM analyses) | n. | Freestone et al., 2012 |
| Staphylococcus epidermidis | NE (100 μM) | Increase (SEM analyses) | n. | Lyte et al., 2003 |
| Staphylococcus lugdunensis Staphylococcus epidermidis Staphylococcus aureus | Epi (0–50 μg/mL) Dopamine (0–32 μg/mL) |
Increase or decrease (Safranin staining and quantification) | n. | Frank and Patel, 2008 |
| Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus epidermidis (dual species biofilm) | NE (10–7M) | Enumeration on Luria-Bertani agar plates | n. | Mart’yanov et al., 2021 |
| Vibrio harveyi (Campbellii) | NE (50 μM) Dopamine (50 μM) | Increase (Crystal violet staining) | Phentolamine LED209 Phenoxybenzamine Labetalol Propranolol | Yang Q. et al., 2014 |
| Yersinia ruckeri | NE (100 μM) Dopamine (100 μM) | Increase (Crystal violet staining) | Chlorpromazine Phenoxybenzamine Labetalol Propranolol Chlorpromazine | Torabi Delshad et al., 2019 |
n, not used in the study; CLSM, confocal laser scanning microscope; SEM, scanning electron microscopy.