TABLE 7.

Meta-effects of catecholamines on bacteria studied by transcriptomic analysis.

Bacterial species	Catecholamines (dose)	Meta-effects	References
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae luxS Escherichia coli EHEC mutant	Epi (50 μM) NE (100 μM) Epi (50 μM)	Differential expression of 158 and 105 genes, for Epi and NE, respectively. Many virulence factors. Only 18 genes regulated by both hormones Differential expression of 5,204 genes. Increased expression of the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE), flagellar regulon genes, iron uptake systems	Li et al., 2012 Kendall et al., 2007
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium	Epi (50 μM)	Modulation of 0.6% of the transcriptome. Upregulation of genes involved in metal homeostasis and oxidative stress	Karavolos et al., 2008
Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14	NE (50–500 μM)	Exposure to 50 μM NE altered the expression of 184 genes (128 induced, 56 repressed) Exposure to 500 μM NE induced 287 genes and repressed 50 genes. Up-regulation of virulence with 500 μM NE but not 50	Hegde et al., 2009
Campylobacter jejuni NCTC11168	Epi (100 μM) NE (100 μM)	Differential expression of 183 and 156 genes, for Epi and NE, respectively. 102 of these modulated genes were common for the two hormones (iron uptake, motility, virulence, oxidative stress response, nitrosative stress tolerance, enzyme metabolism, DNA repair and metabolism, ribosomal protein biosynthesis)	Xu et al., 2015