Table 4.
Primary and secondary outcomes
| Variable | ED mortality | IP mortality | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|||
| OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | |
| Age in years | 0.07 (0.05-0.9) | 0.001 | 0.004 (−0.01-0.01) | 0.27 |
| Male sex | 1.1 (0.8-1.9) | 0.65 | 1.8 (1.3-2.9) | 0.71 |
| White race | 0.6 (0.12-1.9) | 0.45 | - | - |
| Uninsured | 4.1 (3.3-5.1) | <0.001 | 3.4 (1.1-4.9) | <0.001 |
| Penetrating mechanism | 1.6 (1.1-2.4) | 0.02 | 4.3 (1.9-4.8) | <0.001 |
| PTC | 0.5 (0.4-0.7) | 0.009 | 0.91 (0.9-1.5) | 0.23 |
| HDI in field | 5.4 (3.9-7.4) | <0.001 | 2.5 (2.1-3.1) | <0.001 |
| ED HDI | 19.2 (12.9-23.9) | <0.001 | 2.9 (2.3-3.5) | <0.001 |
| Volume | ||||
| ≤50 | 1.9 (0.9-2.8) | 0.33 | 0.8 (0.6-1.1) | 0.21 |
| 51-100 | 1.4 (0.9-2.4) | 0.55 | 0.9 (0.7-1.2) | 0.84 |
| >100 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Body region with AIS >3 | ||||
| Head | 2.5 (1.1-4.6) | 0.001 | 5.9 (4.8-7.3) | <0.001 |
| Extremity | 0.8 (0.4-1.9) | 0.09 | 0.9 (0.7-1.1) | 0.44 |
|
| ||||
| Variable | In-hospital complications | Discharge to home | ||
|
|
|
|||
| OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | |
|
| ||||
| Age in years | −0.01 (−0.02-0.009) | 0.001 | 0.02 (0.01-0.03) | 0.001 |
| Penetrating mechanism | 2.2 (1.1-2.9) | 0.002 | 0.81 (0.6-0.8) | 0.003 |
| PTC | 1.1 (0.9-1.8) | 0.45 | 1.5 (1.1-1.7) | <0.001 |
| Prehospital HDI | 3.1 (2.2-3.9) | <0.001 | 0.4 (0.3-0.6) | <0.001 |
| ED HDI | 3.9 (2.1-4.2) | <0.001 | 0.22 (0.19-0.24) | <0.001 |
| Case volume | ||||
| ≤50 | 0.8 (0.6-1.9) | 0.22 | 0.58 (0.4-0.83) | 0.003 |
| 51-100 | 1.3 (0.89-2.1) | 0.89 | 0.83 (0.57-1.22) | 0.36 |
| >100 | Reference | - | Reference | - |
| Serious injury pattern | ||||
| Head | 2.1 (1.9-2.3) | <0.001 | 0.22 (0.35-0.43) | <0.001 |
| Neck | 2.1 (1.7-3.9) | <0.001 | 0.5 (0.4-0.9) | 0.003 |
| Thorax | 1.3 (1.1-1.9) | <0.001 | 1.1 (0.7-1.3) | 0.45 |
| Abdomen | 1.4 (1.1-1.6) | <0.001 | 0.51 (0.28-1.7) | 0.33 |
| Extremity | 0.01 (0.01-0.05) | <0.001 | 0.05 (0.02-0.07) | <0.001 |
| In-hospital complications | - | - | 0.19 (0.16-0.21) | <0.001 |
|
| ||||
| Variable | ICU free length of stay | Ventilator free days | ||
|
|
|
|||
| β (95% CI) | P | β (95% CI) | P | |
|
| ||||
| Age in years | 0.015 (0.01-0.02) | <0.001 | 0.002 (−0.003-0.007) | 0.36 |
| Penetrating mechanism | −0.11 (−0.03-−0.21) | <0.001 | −0.11 (−0.09-−0.14) | 0.001 |
| PTC | 0.20 (0.15-0.21) | <0.001 | 0.07 (0.009-0.14) | 0.01 |
| Prehospital HDI | 0.30 (0.02-0.28) | <0.001 | 0.69 (0.4-0.8) | <0.001 |
| ED HDI | 0.01 (0.03-0.11) | <0.001 | 0.004 (−0.1-0.1) | 0.95 |
| Case volumes | ||||
| ≤50 | 0.04 (−0.03-0.11) | 0.31 | 0.39 (0.29-0.5) | <0.001 |
| 51-100 | 0.01 (−0.03-0.06) | 0.63 | 0.28 (0.17-0.39) | <0.001 |
| >100 | Reference | - | Reference | - |
| Serious injury pattern | ||||
| Head | 0.28 (0.23-0.32) | <0.001 | 0.01 (−0.01-0.04) | 0.425 |
| In-hospital complication | 0.6 (0.5-0.6) | <0.001 | 0.65 (0.5-0.7) | <0.001 |
OR: Odds ratio, CI: Confidence interval, HDI: Hemodynamic instability, ED: Emergency department, PTC: Pediatric trauma centers, IP: In-patient