Table 2.

Biomarkers from urine and methods of detection.

Type of cancer	Type of biomarker	Method of detection/Targeted Biomarkers/Ref.
Prostate	Nucleic acid	•ExoMeth sequencing - GAP1 (Connell et al., 2020)
		•Next-Generation Sequencing-ddPCR - FTH1, BRPF1, OSBP, PHC3 & UACA (Sole et al., 2020)
		•D'amico criteria & Carpa - PCA3, TMPRSS2-ERG, HOXC6 & DLX1 (Connell et al., 2019)
		•Methylation-specifc PCR - HOXA11as, KLK10, GPR147, GPR62, HOXD4rc, HOXD3c, FRZB, GRASPrc, HOXBAS3, HOXCrcAS3, HOXD8rc, RASSF1 & SLC16A5rc (Brikun et al., 2019)
		•Digital droplet PCR - AR-V7 & AR-FL (Woo et al., 2019)
		•Mass Spectrometry and quantitative PCR - ADCY4, AOX1, APC, CXCL14, EPHX3, GFRA2, GSTP1, HEMK1, KIFC2, MOXD1, HOXA7, HOXB5, HOXD3HOXD9, XOXD10, NEUROG3, NODAL & RASSF5 (Brikun et al., 2018)
		•Real time-quantitative PCR - miR-196a-5p & miR-143-3p (Rodriguez et al., 2017), (Botchkina et al., 2005)
		•One-step RT-qPCR - HOXC5 & DLX1 (Van Neste et al., 2016) after DRE (digital rectal examination)
		•Whole-genome sequencing – cfDNA: TMPRSS2-ERG fusion, PTEN gene deletion, NOTCH1 locus amplification (Xia et al., 2016)
		•Real Time PCR and sequencing - miR-21, miR-204 & miR-375 (Koppers-Lalic et al., 2016)
		•Quantitative PCR - PCA3, TMPRSS2 & ERG (Cao et al., 2011a)
		•Real time-PCR - UCF DNA (Casadio et al., 2013)
		•Quantitative PCR - GSTP1, SFRP2, IGFBP3, IGFBP7 & PTGS2 (O'Reilly et al., 2019)
		•Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip (Illumina) - cfDNA & ZMIZ1 (Silva et al., 2020)
		•ExoDx Prostate IntelliScore (EPI) test - Circulating miRNAs (Tutrone et al., 2020)
	Protein expression	•Next-generation Sequencing and RNA-seq - 5510 differentially expressed transcripts; 37 genes upregulated in PCa (Lee et al., 2020)
		•Mass Spectrometry - Urinary exosomal proteins ADSV & TMG4 (Erozenci et al., 2019)
		•Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry - FABP5 (Fujita et al., 2017)
		•Ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)- Mass spectrometry - putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm) (Tsoi et al., 2016)
		•Liquid Chromatography/tandem Mass Spectrometry - Sarcosine (Cao et al., 2011b)
		•Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry - Annexin A3 & Sarcosine (Cao et al., 2011a)
		•Liquid Chromatography–tandem Mass Spectrometry - Urinary diacetylspermine, plasma arginine & ornithine (Selvi et al., 2019)
	Vesicle/exosomes	•Mass Spectometry – Urinary exosomes (Erozenci et al., 2019)
		•PCR - CD6, EpCAM & EGFR (Cho et al., 2019)
		•ExoDx Prostate IntelliScore (EPI) test – urine exosome gene expression assay (Urabe et al., 2019)
	Cells	•Spiral microfluidic-fluorescent antibodies – Pca cells n > 8 cells (Rzhevskiy et al., 2020)
Bladder	Nucleic acid	•Next-Generation Sequencing - TERT, FGFRE, TP53, PIKECA, HRAS, ERBB2 & KRAS (Ou et al., 2020)
		•Ion Proton Sequencer and PCR – 168 somatic mutations (Hirotsu et al., 2019)
		•Targeted sequencing measured mutant allele frequencies MAFs/PCR - MAFs/PCR/SMs, TERT, FGFR3, PIK3CA, TP53, ERCC2, RHOB, ERBB2, HRAS, RXRA, ELF3, CDKN1A, KRAS, KDM6A, AKT1, FBXW7, ERBB3, SF3B1, CTNNB1, BRAF, C3orf70, CREBBP, CDKN2A & NRAS (Ward et al., 2019)
		•Next generation sequencing - FGFR3-1, TP53, PIK3CA, ERBB3-2, TSC1, NF1, ERBB2,CDKN2A, ARID1A, STAG2, KTM2D, CREBBP & HRAS (Zhu et al., 2019)
		•Real-time PCR - IQGAP3, BMP4 & FAM1 (Xu et al., 2019)
		•Droplet digital PCR - TERT & FGR3 (Hayashi et al., 2019)
		•Next generation sequencing” (NGS) - Mutations, TERT & PLEKHS1 (Ward and Bryan, 2019)
		•Shallow whole genome sequencing (sWGS) - cfDNA & exoDNA; MDM2, ERBB2, CCND1 and CCNE1, CDKN2A, PTEN and RB1 (Lee et al., 2018)
		•Quantitative – Real time PCR (qRT-PCR) - MALAT1, PCAT-1 & SPRY4-IT1 (Zhan et al., 2018)
		•Quantitative methylation specific PCR (qMSP) - ACTB & RASSF1A (Bosschieter et al., 2018)
		•Next-generation sequencing and quantitative PCR - miR-30a-5p, miR-21-5p & miR-105b-3p (Pardini et al., 2018)
		•dPCR and targeted amplification (Tam-Seq) - MutDNA (Patel et al., 2017)
		•Next-generation sequencing - genomic profiles of urinary cellular DNA and cell-free DNA (cfDNA) (Togneri et al., 2016)
		•Next generation sequencing and digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) - Somatic genomic variants in tumor DNA; levels of cell free tumour DNA in plasma and urine (Birkenkamp-Demtroder et al., 2016)
		•Digital droplet PCR – ctDNA copies (Birkenkamp-Demtroder et al., 2018)
		•PCR amplification and sequencing - above 1 ng DNA cfDNA & sDNA (Stasik et al., 2019)
		•Quantitative PCR - IncRNAs (Yu et al., 2020)
	Protein expression	•Liquid Chromatography–tandem Mass Spectrometry - Tau, L-Phe, Hip & Cre (Gamagedara et al., 2012)
	Cells	•TCR sequencing - UDLs cells (Wong et al., 2018)
Lung	Nucleic acid	•Droplet digital PCR(ddPCR) - KRAS (Xie et al., 2018)
		•Mutation enrichment PCR coupled with next-generation sequencing detection (Trovera) - T790M (Goldman et al., 2018)
	Molecules	•Next-generation sequencing - TP53 (Wu et al., 2019b)
Breast	Nucleic acid	•Agilent human miRNA microarray chip and RT-qPCR - miRNA (Ritter et al., 2020)
	Molecules	•Liquid Chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem Mass Spectrometry - 8-oxodG (Guo et al., 2017)
Cervical	Nucleic acid	•Quantitative PCR – HPV DNA (Van Keer et al., 2018)
		•Next-generation sequencing - ZNF516, FKBP6 & INTS1 (Guerrero-Preston et al., 2016)
Colorectal	Nucleic acid	•Digital droplet PCR - KRAS or BRAF (Crisafulli et al., 2019a)
Urothelial	Nucleic acid	•Single-plex assay (UroMuTERT) - TERT (Avogbe et al., 2019)
Gastric	Nucleic acid	•Quantitative stem-loop PCR - miR-21-5p (Kao et al., 2017)