Table 3.

Biomarkers from SF and methods of detection.

Type of cancer	Type of biomarker	Method of detection/Targeted Biomarkers/Ref.
Prostate	Nucleic acid	•Fluorometric quantification and the Electrophoretic analysis - cfDNA (Ponti et al., 2018a)
		•Fluorimetry - cfDNA & Seminal cell-free DNA (scfDNA) (Ponti et al., 2018c)
		•Qubit ssDNA Assay Kit and Electrophoresis - cfDNA & ctDNA; scfDNA fragments longer than 1000 base-pairs (Ponti et al., 2019)
		•Fluorimetric assay and Spectrophotometric quantification - scfDNA molecular profile (Ponti et al., 2018b)
		•Quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) and microcapillary electrophoresis – 5′ region of the ACTB (actin, beta) transcript; full-length ACTB and DDX4 [DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box polypeptide 4] transcripts, (Huang et al., 2009)
	Protein expression	•Quantitative PCR, Western blotting and confocal laser scanning microscopy - chymase (CMA1), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP3, MMP7), and upregulation of MMP14 and tissue inhibitors (TIMP1 and TIMP2) (Neuhaus et al., 2017)
	Metabolites	•Liquid chromatography–Tandem mass spectrometry - NAD & kynurenine (McDunn et al., 2013)
		•Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy - Citrate & prostatic secretions (Kline et al., 2006)
Testicular germ cell tumor	Nucleic acid	•Quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) - miR-317a-3p (Boellaard et al., 2019b)
	Cells	•Immunocytological staining - AP-2γ on Germ cells & gonocyte (Hoei-Hansen et al., 2007)