Table 8:
Bias rating of cross-sectional studies, via modified Newcastle-Ottawa scores
| File name | Representativeness of the sample | Sample size | Non-respondents | Ascertainment of the exposure (risk factor) | Comparability | Assessment of the outcome | Statistical test | Bias rating | Bias reasoning |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blanca Martinez Perez (2013)14 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 8 out of 10 | No controls/adjustments done |
| Brocks (2017)15 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 8 out of 10 | No description of non-respondents Self-reported outcomes only |
| Denhaerynck (2018)32 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 9 out of 10 | Self-reported outcomes only |
| Epstein (2014)26 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 8 out of 10 | No description of non-respondents Self-reported outcomes only |
| Goetzmann (2008)20 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6 out of 10 | No description of non-respondents No controls/adjustments done Self-reported outcomes only |
| Grady (2016)28 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 9 out of 10 | Self-reported outcomes only |
| Grady (1999)30 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 7 out of 10 | No description of non-respondents Self-reported outcomes only p-values given but no confidence intervals given for adherence scores |
| Helmy (2019)33 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 8 out of 10 | No description of non-respondents Self-reported outcomes only |
| Hugon (2014)22 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 8 out of 10 | No description of non-respondents No p-values or confidence intervals given specifically for heart transplant patients |
| Kung (2012)34 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 7 out of 10 | No description of non-respondents Self-reported outcomes only No p-values or confidence intervals given specifically for heart transplant patients |
| Milaniak (2014)23 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 5 out of 10 | No description of non-respondents No controls/adjustments done Self-reported outcomes only R given but no confidence interval |
| Shamaskin (2012)31 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 9 out of 10 | Self-reported outcomes only |
| Shemesh (2017)36 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 7 out of 10 | No description of non-respondents Exposure tool non-validated Self-reported outcomes only |
| Zhang (2019)35 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 8 out of 10 | No description of non-respondents Self-reported outcomes only |
N/A: not applicable